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Metabolism

Which substances have been investigated for blood glucose, blood lipids, and weight?

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Metabolic parameters can be measured reliably—accordingly, the studies are robust, and the question of whether an altered laboratory value also has clinical significance is all the more important.

1. Which Substances Were Investigated for This Purpose

The overview shows how many studies exist per substance and type of investigation. A single study may be assigned to multiple topics—therefore, the numbers cannot be added together but instead describe this specific subset.

Substancein humansof which controlledhuman tissuepreliminary work
Chronic inflammation1457134161163
Gut microbiome1114149881868
Vitamin D77915515294
Turmeric and curcumin2649333591
Adaptogens1344034545

2. All Substances and Therapies with Controlled Studies on Metabolism

104 substance and therapy pages assign controlled human studies to this area. The number comes from each page; one study can belong to several areas.

Substance or therapycontrolled human studies
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)294
Ketogenic Diet281
Probiotics214
Mediterranean Diet157
Omega-3 Fatty Acids150
Endurance Training136
Gut Microbiome134
Chronic Inflammation123
Strength Training114
Lifestyle Programmes105
Anthocyanins from Berries91
Therapeutic Fasting and Intermittent Fasting90
Cocoa Flavanols74
Chromium (Chromium Picolinate)72
Policosanol71
Soy Isoflavones (Genistein, Daidzein)58
DASH Diet56
Olive Polyphenols (Hydroxytyrosol)56
Tai Chi and Qigong53
Sucralose51
Prebiotics50
Adaptogens40
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy40
Polyphenols38
Beta-Glucans33
Carnosine33
NAD Precursors (NMN, NR)31
Stress, Cortisol and Inflammation31
Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa)30
Caffeine29
Ginkgo Biloba28
Whole-Body Vibration28
Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFR)25
Grape Seed Extract (OPC)24
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)23
Cranberry (Large-Fruited Cranberry)23
Hesperidin23
Respiratory Therapy and Breathwork23
Butyrate (Butyric Acid)22
Chlorogenic Acid22
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)21
L-Citrulline21
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT)20
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)18
Pilates17
Pine Bark Extract16
Piperine15
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)14
Moringa Oleifera (Horseradish Tree)14
Citicolin (CDP-Choline)13
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Repens)13
Niacin12
Whole Grain12
Lactoferrin11
Lycopene11
Medicinal Mushrooms (Reishi, Chaga, Cordyceps)11
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF)11
Reflexology Massage11
MIND Diet10
Phosphatidylserine10
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)10
Betaine (Trimethylglycine)9
Ellagic Acid9
Low-FODMAP Diet8
Sulforaphane8
Forest Bathing (Shinrin-Yoku)7
Lutein and Zeaxanthin7
Naringenin6
Baicalin5
Dance Therapy5
Ergothioneine5
Hyperthermia5
Microneedling5
MOTS-c and Mitochondrial Peptides5
Aromatherapy4
Centella Asiatica (Gotu Kola)4
Cryotherapy and Cold Water Applications4
Delta-Tocotrienol4
Hesperetin4
Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Therapy4
Sauna4
Topical Vitamin A (Retinol)4
Astragalus Membranaceus (Milk Vetch)3
Beta-Alanine3
Mangiferin3
Oxalate3
Sorbitol3
Thymosin Alpha-13
Xanthohumol3
Yoga3
Coffee Fruit Extract2
Feldenkrais Method2
Leech Therapy2
Niacinamide2
Phlorizin2
Postbiotics2
Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi)1
Elamipretide (SS-31)1
Epitalon1
Fisetin1
Gamma-Oryzanol1
Moringin (Benzyl Isothiocyanate)1
Oral Hyaluronic Acid1
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe)1

3. The Most Robust Studies

Ranked by evidential strength, not by familiarity.

Controlled Human Study

  • 1 The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Curcumin (2017)
  • 2 Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2024)
  • 3 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcuminoid-piperine combination in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial and an (2015)
  • 4 Can supplementation with vitamin D reduce the risk or modify the course of autoimmune diseases? A systematic review of the literature (2012)
  • 5 Effects of phytosomal curcumin on anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance, cortisolemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indices: a double- (2020)
  • 6 Nano-curcumin improves glucose indices, lipids, inflammation, and Nesfatin in overweight and obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A (2019)
  • 7 Enriched Marine Oil Supplements Increase Peripheral Blood Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Concentrations and Reprogram Host Immune Responses: A Ra (2020)
  • 8 Phytosome complex of curcumin as complementary therapy of advanced pancreatic cancer improves safety and efficacy of gemcitabine: Results of a prospec (2018)
  • 9 Dietary Supplementation with Curcumin Reduce Circulating Levels of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Adults with High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2020)
  • 10 Curcumin and/or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation reduces insulin resistance and blood lipids in individuals with high risk of type 2 diabetes (2019)
  • 11 Anti-Inflammatory Diet Prevents Subclinical Colonic Inflammation and Alters Metabolomic Profile of Ulcerative Colitis Patients in Clinical Remission (2022)
  • 12 Curcumin Supplementation and Human Disease: A Scoping Review of Clinical Trials (2023)
  • 13 Safety and clinical effectiveness of Withania Somnifera (Linn.) Dunal root in human ailments (2020)
  • 14 Highly bioavailable micellar curcuminoids accumulate in the blood, are safe, and do not reduce blood lipids or inflammation markers in moderate hyperlipidaemia (2016)
  • 15 Further evidence of benefits to mood and working memory from lipidated curcumin in healthy older adults: A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (2020)
  • 16 A narrative review of the evidence for variations in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration thresholds for optimal health (2022)
  • 17 Ergocalciferol and microcirculatory function in chronic kidney disease with concomitant vitamin D deficiency: An exploratory, double-blind, randomised trial (2014)
  • 18 Stimulating the resolution of inflammation through omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in COVID-19: Rationale for the COVID-Omega-F trial (2020)
  • 19 Colloidal submicron-particle curcumin demonstrates high absorption efficiency: A double-blind, three-way crossover study (2015)
  • 20 Effects of Rhodiola rosea supplementation on mental performance, physical capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men (2018)

Sources

  1. 1
    Nelson KM, Dahlin JL, Bisson J, Graham J, Pauli GF, Walters MA · 2017
  2. 2
    Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, Diab DL, Kiely ME, Lazaretti-Castro M et al. · 2024
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  6. 6
  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9
  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
    Panknin TM, Howe CL, Hauer M, Bucchireddigari B, Rossi AM, Funk JL · 2023
  13. 13
  14. 14
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
    Arnardottir H, Pawelzik SC, Öhlund Wistbacka U, Artiach G, Hofmann R, Reinholdsson I et al. · 2020
  19. 19
    Sunagawa Y, Hirano S, Katanasaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Funamoto M, Okamura N et al. · 2015
  20. 20
    Jówko E, Sadowski J, Długołęcka B, Gierczuk D, Opaszowski B, Cieśliński I · 2018

Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.

International Health Research · https://ih-research.com/en/knowledge/topic/metabolism/ · Last updated: 2026-10-15