Knowledge · Natural Compounds

Potassium

Q: Does Potassium help with blood pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 9 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 40 controlled studies and 11 further studies; the controlled studies include 26,131 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [1, 3, 4, 5]

Q: Does Potassium help with cardiovascular? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 18 controlled studies and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 20,157 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [6, 10, 12, 15]

Q: Does Potassium help with kidney? What the studies show

We evaluated 12 controlled studies and 8 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,062 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [20, 32, 36, 37]

Q: Does Potassium help with diabetes? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 675 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: [29, 37, 65, 67]

Q: Does Potassium help with muscle? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 controlled studies and one further study; the controlled studies include 310 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: [46, 58, 61, 112]

Q: Does Potassium help with bone? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 controlled studies and one further study; the controlled studies include 21,031 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: [18, 91, 132]

Q: Does potassium lower blood pressure?

Several meta-analyses of controlled studies show that increased potassium intake lowers blood pressure, especially in hypertension and as a supplement [3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11]; potassium-containing salt substitutes also lowered it [5]. Other controlled studies found no confirmed difference, for example with a higher-potassium diet in kidney disease [101] or after a single potassium-rich meal [99]. The results therefore depend on form, preparation and population.

Q: Which potassium forms were studied?

Potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium gluconate, potassium aspartate and potassium from food were studied, partly as combination products with sodium chloride or magnesium. Some studies used potassium binders such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. The results apply in each case only to the form and preparation studied.

Q: How safe is potassium in the studies?

A salt substitute made of potassium chloride and sodium chloride did not lead to hyperkalemia more frequently than normal salt [20], and a potassium-increasing treatment did not lead to hospital admissions due to hyperkalemia or hypokalemia more frequently [27]. In a meta-analysis, adverse events and discontinuations occurred more frequently with potassium [9]. With the potassium binder sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, hypokalemia occurred somewhat more frequently in dialysis patients than with placebo [24].

Potassium is an essential mineral; human studies show partly clear, partly mixed effects, especially on blood pressure and potassium balance.

Last updated: 2026-10-15

Potassium at a Glance

In hypertension, increased potassium intake lowered blood pressure in several meta-analyses of controlled studies, especially as a supplement 3 4 7 8 9 11, as did potassium-containing salt substitutes 5.

Other controlled studies found no confirmed blood pressure difference in chronic kidney disease, with a higher-potassium diet 101 and with a plant-based nutrition program 89.

For the cardiovascular system, the picture is mixed: A controlled study with a salt substitute made of potassium chloride and sodium chloride lowered mortality and stroke-related deaths in stroke survivors 20.

When potassium was lowered more strongly in dialysis patients, controlled studies found no difference in cardiac arrhythmia events 24 72. Less frequent potassium administration after heart surgery did not lead to more atrial fibrillation 25.

For muscle, diabetes and bone, there are only a few controlled studies: Potassium bicarbonate did not change muscle performance 46, a salt substitute did not change fracture frequency 18.

We evaluated 165 human studies on Potassium, including 126 randomised controlled trials and 16 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 120,229 participants in total. As of 4 October 2026.

This page as PDF · Summary

1. What Is Potassium? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Potassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte. It occurs naturally in many foods, especially fruits, vegetables, legumes, and potatoes. In studies, it is investigated as a dietary component or in the form of salts, for example in relation to blood pressure and cardiovascular function.

Potassium is present in almost all plant and animal cells. In research, it is considered both as part of the usual diet and as an isolated intake in the form of salts.

Potassium salts are obtained from mineral deposits such as sylvite or from salt lakes; various potassium salts are produced for dietary supplements. Studies mainly examine potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium gluconate, as well as potassium from food.

Forms and Preparations Studied

Potassium chloride
Potassium citrate
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium gluconate
Potassium aspartate
Dietary potassium

Not covered on this page:

Sodium and other electrolytes
Potassium permanganate
Potassium-sparing diuretics

2. What Does Potassium Do? Results by Area

Area	Result in controlled studies	Strength of evidence	Studies	Participants
Blood pressure	mostly improved	high	9 meta-analyses · 40 controlled · 11 other	26,131
Cardiovascular	mixed	moderate	1 meta-analyses · 18 controlled · 7 other	20,157
Kidney	mixed	moderate	0 meta-analyses · 12 controlled · 8 other	1,062
Diabetes	mostly no difference	low	0 meta-analyses · 5 controlled · 2 other	675
Muscle	mostly no difference	low	0 meta-analyses · 4 controlled · 1 other	310
Bone	mostly no difference	low	0 meta-analyses · 2 controlled · 1 other	21,031
Stroke	mostly improved	low	0 meta-analyses · 1 controlled · 3 other	15,249
Other investigations	mixed	moderate	1 meta-analyses · 61 controlled · 13 other	63,907

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

Potassium and Blood Pressure: Human Studies

Several meta-analyses of controlled trials showed that increased potassium intake lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure, markedly in hypertension, more weakly in normotensive individuals 3 4 7 8 9 11. With potassium chloride, office, home and long-term blood pressure fell in hypertension 77, with another potassium supplement long-term blood pressure fell 92; potassium-enriched salt substitutes lowered blood pressure in hypertension 5. No confirmed blood pressure difference was found by controlled trials with a potassium-rich diet 101 and a plant-based nutrition program 89 in kidney disease as well as with a single potassium-rich meal 99. A potassium supplement also did not change blood pressure in healthy participants 105. A dose-response meta-analysis found a U-shaped course: with very high additional intake the reduction diminished, with medically treated hypertension blood pressure rose 16. The evidence is strong, and most studies show a reduction, especially with supplements and salt substitutes; the data on potassium from food are inconsistent. The forms studied include potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium gluconate, potassium aspartate and potassium from food, partly as combination preparations with sodium chloride or magnesium. It remains open which salt form and dose are most effective and how the effects differ in various pre-existing conditions.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
1 Huang et al. 2021	meta-analysis · 5,708 participants	Dietary potassium intake (24-h urine); Median 67.7 mmol/day (IQR 54.6-76.4); vs. 50 mmol sodium reduction at different potassium intake levels	Systolic blood pressure with 50 mmol sodium reduction: no difference (p > 0.05); Diastolic blood pressure with 50 mmol sodium reduction: no difference (p > 0.05)
3 Whelton et al. 1999	meta-analysis · 2,609 participants	Oral potassium supplementation; vs. Placebo/control without potassium	Systolic blood pressure: improved (-4.44 (range, -2.53 to -6.36) mm Hg); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (-2.45 (range, -0.74 to -4.16) mm Hg)
4 Whelton et al. 1997	meta-analysis · 2,609 participants	Oral potassium supplementation as sole difference from control; vs. Control group without potassium supplementation	Systolic blood pressure: improved (-3.11 mm Hg (-1.91 to -4.31 mm Hg)); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (-1.97 mm Hg (-0.52 to -3.42 mm Hg))
5 Kelly et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 1,430 participants	Potassium-enriched salt substitute (potassium chloride replacing sodium chloride); vs. Regular salt (sodium chloride)	Systolic blood pressure: improved (MD, -5.75 mmHg; 95% CI, -6.98 to -2.39 mmHg; I2 = 37%; p < 0.01); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (MD, -1.62 mmHg; 95% CI, -2.34 to -0.91 mmHg; I2 = 0%; p < 0.001)
7 Poorolajal et al. 2017	meta-analysis · 1,213 participants	Oral potassium supplementation (salt form not specified); at least 4 weeks; vs. Placebo	Systolic blood pressure (final follow-up): improved (MD -4.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -5.96 to -2.53); Diastolic blood pressure (final follow-up): improved (MD -2.53 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.05 to -1.02); Systolic blood pressure (change from baseline): improved (MD -8.89 mmHg; 95% CI: -13.67 to -4.11)
8 Binia et al. 2015	meta-analysis · 917 participants	Potassium supplementation (salt form not specified); intake corresponding to urinary excretion 60 to 100 mmol/day; vs. control without potassium supplementation	systolic blood pressure, all patients: improved (4.7 mmHg [95% CI 2.4-7.0]); diastolic blood pressure, all patients: improved (3.5 mmHg (95% CI 1.3-5.7)); systolic blood pressure, hypertensive patients: improved (6.8 mmHg (95% CI 4.3-9.3))
9 Ravichagua et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 803 participants	Oral potassium supplements (salt form not reported); Median 4 weeks; vs. Placebo, sodium chloride, or no treatment	Clinic systolic blood pressure: improved (−7.2 mmHg (95% CI −11.1 to −3.4)); Clinic diastolic blood pressure: improved (−4.0 mmHg (−6.2 to −1.7)); 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure: no difference (−2.4 mmHg (−5.2 to 0.4))
11 Granal et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Potassium supplementation, form not specified; 50 mmol/day increase in 24-h urinary potassium excretion; vs. Dose-response comparison of urinary potassium excretion	Systolic blood pressure in subjects without hypertension: improved (0.5 mmHg reduction); Diastolic blood pressure in subjects without hypertension: improved (0.12 mmHg reduction); Systolic blood pressure in subjects with hypertension: improved (5.3 mmHg reduction)

Further studies in this area: 13 14 15 16 20 22 28 31 38 40 41 43 56 57 65 67 70 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 83 84 87 89 92 93 96 97 99 101 105 106 107 114 116 117 118 119 121 122 126 129 133 135 136 138 141 143

Potassium and Cardiovascular: Human Studies

In stroke survivors, a salt substitute of potassium chloride and sodium chloride lowered mortality in a randomized controlled trial 20. In ICD carriers, potassium-increasing treatment in addition to standard care reduced atrial fibrillation-related events 26. A potassium-rich meal mitigated the drop in flow-mediated dilation after the meal in healthy individuals 99; potassium-increasing treatment slightly improved two diastolic values in ICD carriers 35. Randomized controlled trials found no difference in atrial fibrillation after heart surgery when potassium was supplemented less often 25, and in cardiac rhythm events with a potassium binder during dialysis 24. The evidence is moderate; it remains open which potassium form and dose benefits which patient groups.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
6 Bensaaud et al. 2025	systematic review · 1,397 participants	DASH diet as a dietary component with increased potassium; Intervention 16 weeks to 12 months, follow-up 16 weeks to 18 months; vs. No intervention/usual care, minimal intervention, or other diets	Myocardial infarction: no difference (no myocardial infarctions in either group)
10 Ono et al. 2026	meta-analysis	Serum potassium levels (no preparation administered); median 24.2 months (HFrEF) and 36.8 months (HFpEF); vs. potassium <3.5 vs. 4.0-4.5 mmol/L; range 4.2-5.0 mmol/L most favorable	all-cause mortality at potassium <3.5 mmol/L (HFrEF): worsened (adjusted hazard ratio 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.76); cardiovascular, sudden, and pump failure death (HFrEF): worsened; lowest risk for all outcomes at potassium 4.2-5.0 mmol/L: improved (4.2-5.0 mmol/L)
12 Zwager et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Estimated dietary Na+/K+-ratio (diet); Na+/K+-ratio 2.0 ± 0.6 mmol/mmol; vs. Higher vs. lower Na+/K+-ratio	Cardiovascular events and mortality: worsened (hazard ratio 1.10 [95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.16])
15 Brand et al. 2022	systematic review	Potassium-containing low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) replacing regular salt; vs. Regular salt or no active intervention	Cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality: unclear
20 Ding et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 15,249 participants	Salt substitute with 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride vs regular salt; median 61.2 months; vs. regular salt	death rates: improved (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96; P = .003); stroke-related deaths: improved (relative reduction 21%; P = .01)
25 O'Brien et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 1,690 participants	Potassium supplementation (potassium chloride) triggered by serum potassium threshold; Supplement only if serum potassium <4.5 mEq/L (tight) vs <3.6 mEq/L (relaxed); First 120 hours after CABG or until discharge; vs. Tight vs relaxed potassium control	New-onset atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: no difference (risk difference of 1.7% (95% CI, -2.6% to 5.9%)); At least 1 AFACS episode by any means: no difference; Non-AFACS dysrhythmias: no difference
26 Zheng et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 1,200 participants	Potassium-increasing treatment (form not specified) plus standard care; Uptitration to high-normal plasma potassium (increase 0.3 mmol/L); median follow-up 3.3 person-years; vs. standard care alone (control group)	Composite endpoint of atrial fibrillation-related hospitalizations, cardioversion/ablation, inappropriate shock therapy and amiodarone loading: improved (subdistribution hazard ratio, .65; 95% confidence interval, .45-.93, P = .02)
27 Jøns et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 1,200 participants	Potassium supplementation, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, or both plus dietary guidance; Target plasma potassium 4.5–5.0 mmol/l; Median follow-up 39.6 months; vs. Standard care alone	Primary composite end point (sustained VT, ICD therapy, hospitalization, death): improved (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 0.95; P = 0.01)

Further studies in this area: 35 48 65 67 81 89 92 96 99 103 105 106 112 117 124 128 136 139

Potassium and Kidney: Human Studies

In hemodialysis with hyperkalemia, potassium binders reduced hyperkalemia events in a meta-analysis; sodium zirconium cyclosilicate and sodium polystyrene sulfonate lowered the potassium level, while with patiromer the reduction was not confirmed 2. A randomized controlled trial found fewer hyperkalemia episodes with patiromer 95. A two-phase potassium profile in the dialysate lowered serum potassium after dialysis more than a fixed one in a randomized controlled trial 72. In a randomized trial, hyperoxaluria decreased from baseline with potassium magnesium citrate, and more so with an Oxalobacter preparation 62. A randomized controlled trial with extended-release potassium citrate increased urinary potassium 82. In healthy individuals, a potassium supplement increased urinary AQP2 excretion and lowered free water clearance in a randomized controlled trial 105. The studies are mostly small and short; several tested mixtures, such as low-sodium, high-potassium seasonings and salts 38 43, and apply only to that preparation.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
20 Ding et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 15,249 participants	Salt substitute with 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride vs regular salt; median 61.2 months; vs. regular salt	hyperkalemia (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.74-1.38; P = .96)
32 Khalid et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 290 participants	Tablets: T1 supplement, T2 placebo, T3 magnesium, T4 magnesium plus potassium; 60 days follow-up; vs. placebo (T2) and magnesium (T3) vs. potassium (T4)	serum urea: improved (p = 0.000); serum creatinine: improved (p = 0.000)
36 Reddy et al. 2014	randomised controlled · 247 participants	Urikind-KM6: 1,100 mg potassium citrate, 375 mg magnesium citrate, 20 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride per 5 mL; every 8 hours; 3 years; vs. Control group 1 (discontinued due to intolerance), control group 2 (no prophylaxis)	24-hour urinary citrate excretion: improved (221.79±13.39 mg/dL to 604.04±5.00 mg/dL); urinary pH: improved (5.62±0.2 to 6.87±0.01); stone recurrence rate per patient per year: improved (3.23±1.04 to 0.35±0.47)
37 Khalid et al. 2023	randomised controlled · 200 participants	Magnesium and potassium supplements (Mg+ and K+), salt form not stated; vs. four groups by supplement, single-blind randomized	kidney markers dependent on cholesterol: no difference
53 Fomkin et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 100 participants	Dietary supplement Astracit-Asfarma (potassium citrate + magnesium citrate); 60 days; vs. Standard therapy alone (group 3A/3B)	Total volume of residual fragments: improved (decreased by ~30% from the initial postoperative level and more than twice compared to the control group); Density of fragments: improved (decreased by 10-12%); Stone-free rate ≤2 mm: improved (60% in group 1,72% in group 2, and 52% in the control group)
74 Mu et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 59 participants	CM-DASH diet with 52% low-sodium salt; 8 weeks; vs. CM-DASH diet with regular salt (control group)	Urinary albumin creatinine ratio: improved; Serum creatinine: improved
82 Li et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 46 participants	Extended-release potassium citrate vs. low-PRAL diet; 4 weeks; vs. Control group	Urine pH: no difference; Urine calcium: no difference; Urine oxalate: no difference
89 Liebman et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 40 participants	15-day whole-food plant-based diet (WFPBD) education program; 15 days; vs. Control group without the education program	Serum potassium (p = 0.52); Albumin: no difference; Phosphorus: no difference

Further studies in this area: 97 101 104 105 107 109 113 115 130 136 140 142

Potassium and Diabetes: Human Studies

For diabetes, five controlled studies are available, but they do not give a uniform picture. In a randomized controlled trial with a mixture of olive leaf extract and potassium, fasting insulin and HOMA index decreased in mildly elevated blood pressure; fasting glucose and HbA1c remained unchanged 65. In a randomized controlled trial with an adapted DASH diet, which among other things contained more potassium, calcium, magnesium and fiber, glycated hemoglobin decreased similarly in both groups in pregnant women with diabetes 67. A randomized controlled trial with magnesium and potassium supplements found no difference in quality of life and cholesterol 37. The evidence is low, because the studies examined different forms, mixtures and populations and no meta-analysis is available. It remains open whether potassium in a specific form or preparation has a benefit in diabetes.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
29 Khalid et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 320 participants	Potassium alone (T3) and magnesium+potassium (T4); vs. Placebo (T1) and magnesium alone (T2)	HOMA-IR (magnesium+potassium): improved (3.01 ± 0. 54, and post-treatment mean was 2.54 ± 0.29, showing a significant reduction (p = 0.001)); HOMA-IR among treatment groups: improved (p = 0.001); Fasting blood sugar: improved (p = 0.001)
37 Khalid et al. 2023	randomised controlled · 200 participants	Magnesium and potassium supplements (Mg+ and K+), salt form not stated; vs. four groups by supplement, single-blind randomized	effect of Mg/K therapy on quality of life and cholesterol: no difference
65 Fladerer-Grollitsch et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 70 participants	Olive leaf extract-potassium supplement vs. placebo; 1000 mg OLE, ≥160 mg oleuropein, 300 mg potassium/day; 12 weeks; vs. placebo, double-blind randomized	Fasting glucose: no difference (unchanged); HbA1c: no difference (unchanged); Fasting insulin and HOMA index: improved (declined in the verum group)
67 Belfort et al. 2023	randomised controlled · 68 participants	Adapted DASH diet with higher potassium, calcium, magnesium and fibre content; until delivery (18 weeks); vs. Standard diet with 45-65 % carbohydrates, 15-20 % protein, 25-30 % lipids	Glycated haemoglobin: no difference (SDG: -0⋅61 [CI -0⋅26, -0⋅96], P = 0⋅00 v. DDG: -1⋅1 [CI -0⋅57, -1⋅62], P = 0⋅00)
108 Juett et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 17 participants	100% fruit juice (Raw Hydrate®) vs. glucose-based sports drink vs. water; Water volume equal to 150% of body mass loss (~2,300 mL juice); 1 h rehydration, 5 h observation; vs. Sports drink and water	Blood glucose AUC: improved (P < 0.001)
125 Chatterjee et al. 2012	cohort study · 4,754 participants	Dietary potassium (no supplement); 15 and 20 years follow-up; vs. lowest vs highest potassium quintiles	Incident type 2 diabetes, lowest vs highest urinary potassium quintile: worsened (HR 2.45; 95% CI 1.08, 5.59); Diabetes risk with lower potassium intake (African-Americans): worsened
137 Eser et al. 2025	cohort study · 113 participants	Potassium chloride (KCl) alone or KCl plus potassium phosphate (KPO4); 13-year treatment period; vs. KCl+KPO4 (n=36) versus KCl alone (n=77)	Severity of acidosis: no difference; Duration of acidosis recovery: no difference; Incidence of hypokalemia: no difference

Potassium and Muscle: Human Studies

Potassium bicarbonate as a supplement, partly combined with whey protein, showed no difference in muscle performance, physical performance and muscle mass in healthy older adults 46. A randomized controlled trial with glucosamine sulfate potassium salt found no difference in the WOMAC score compared with glucosamine sulfate sodium salt in knee osteoarthritis 58. The evidence is low, the studies are small and examine different forms and populations; it remains open whether other potassium forms or higher intakes have an effect in specific groups.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
46 Ceglia et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 128 participants	Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) supplement, partly combined with whey protein; 81 mmol KHCO3 per day; 24 weeks; vs. Placebo-KHCO3 or placebo-whey protein (2×2 factorial)	Muscle power (double leg press): no difference (-13.6 watts [95% CI: -39.6, 12.4; P = 0.30]); Physical performance: no difference; Muscle mass: no difference
58 Wangroongsub et al. 2010	randomised controlled · 90 participants	Glucosamine sulfate potassium salt (GS-K) vs. glucosamine sulfate sodium salt (GS-Na); 1500 mg daily; until the sixteenth week of treatment; vs. GS-Na 1500 mg daily	WOMAC score: no difference
61 Polo-Ferrero et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 80 participants	Dietary potassium (nutrient intake assessed by food frequency questionnaire); 32-week intervention; vs. High-speed resistance training vs. multicomponent training	Correlation between potassium intake and 5STS performance (H-RT group): improved (r<sub>p</sub> = -0.47)
112 Killick et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 12 participants	Sodium-potassium drink vs. water vs. coconut water; 300 ml before and at 0, 30, 60 min postexercise; 60 min cycling at 1.5 W/kg, measures to 90 min postexercise; vs. Water and coconut water	Handgrip strength, countermovement jump, fatigue: no difference (p ≥ .152)
132 Zhang et al. 2022	cohort study · 392 participants	dietary potassium (assessed by FFQ); 24 months; vs. higher vs. lower potassium intake	lower limb muscle strength: improved

Potassium and Bone: Human Studies

For bone, the controlled studies do not show a uniform picture: A randomized controlled trial in prehypertensive adults with potassium chloride capsules found changes in phosphate and calcium metabolism parameters, while parathyroid hormone, vitamin D status and plasma calcium remained unchanged 91. A large randomized controlled trial with a potassium chloride-containing salt substitute mixed with sodium chloride found no difference in the frequency of fractures in adults at high cardiovascular and fracture risk 18. An observational study with potassium from food, recorded together with calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, showed no association with knee joint structures in people with knee osteoarthritis 132. The evidence for bone endpoints is low; potassium chloride as a supplement or in the salt substitute as well as potassium from food were examined. It is open whether potassium without sodium chloride influences bone strength.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
18 Wang et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 20,995 participants	Salt substitute (potassium chloride-containing) vs. regular salt; 5 years; vs. regular salt (control)	Incidence of all fractures: no difference (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.14); Incidence of vertebral fracture: no difference (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.26); Incidence of non-vertebral fracture: no difference (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.29)
91 Humalda et al. 2020	randomised controlled · 36 participants	Capsules containing potassium chloride, sodium chloride, or placebo; 3 g/d potassium chloride or 3 g/d sodium chloride; vs. Placebo (randomized, blinded, crossover)	plasma phosphate: improved (from 1.10 ± 0.19 to 1.15 ± 0.19 mmol/L, P = 0.004); tubular maximum of phosphate reabsorption: improved (from 0.93 ± 0.21 to 1.01 ± 0.20 mmol/L, P < 0.001); FGF23: improved (114.3 [96.8-135.0] to 108.5 [93.5-125.9] RU/mL, P = 0.01)
132 Zhang et al. 2022	cohort study · 392 participants	dietary potassium (assessed by FFQ); 24 months; vs. higher vs. lower potassium intake	knee joint structures: no difference

Potassium and Stroke: Human Studies

In stroke prevention, the results differ depending on the form and use of potassium. A randomized controlled trial with a salt substitute of potassium chloride and sodium chloride found fewer recurrent strokes and fewer hemorrhagic strokes in stroke survivors in northern China 20. A systematic review of the DASH diet, which besides more potassium also includes calcium, magnesium, fiber and less sodium, could not establish an effect on stroke risk 6. In people who newly took furosemide, additional potassium in an observational study was not associated with strokes 139. The evidence is low, because only one controlled study is available and the remaining findings come from mixed preparations or observational data. It remains open whether potassium alone, independent of salt substitution or accompanying nutrients, lowers stroke risk.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
6 Bensaaud et al. 2025	systematic review · 1,397 participants	DASH diet as a dietary component with increased potassium; Intervention 16 weeks to 12 months, follow-up 16 weeks to 18 months; vs. No intervention/usual care, minimal intervention, or other diets	Stroke: no difference (no strokes in either group)
20 Ding et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 15,249 participants	Salt substitute with 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride vs regular salt; median 61.2 months; vs. regular salt	recurrent stroke: improved (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.95; P = .005); hemorrhagic stroke: improved (relative reduction, 30%; P = .002)
124 Li et al. 2026	study · 15,249 participants	Potassium-enriched salt substitute replacing regular salt; lifetime horizon; vs. regular salt	recurrent stroke events: improved (454,559 recurrent stroke events (a 3·7% reduction)); stroke deaths: improved (482,632 stroke deaths (a 15·0% reduction))
139 Pham et al. 2026	cohort study	Empiric potassium supplementation; vs. Potassium vs. no potassium at furosemide initiation	Stroke: no difference (1.03 (1.00-1.06))

Potassium: Further Outcomes in Studies

Urinary potassium excretion increased with potassium chloride supplements 41 77 and after a short medical nutrition counseling 117. In dialysis patients with predialysis hyperkalemia, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate maintained normokalemia better than placebo over twelve months 24, and bananas at the start of hemodialysis kept serum potassium higher during dialysis and made hypokalemia less common 48. The evidence is moderate: A meta-analysis and numerous controlled studies are available, but the forms and populations examined are very heterogeneous. Potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium gluconate, potassium aspartate, potassium from food as well as potassium binders, partly as mixed preparations with sodium or magnesium, were examined.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
6 Bensaaud et al. 2025	systematic review · 1,397 participants	DASH diet as a dietary component with increased potassium; Intervention 16 weeks to 12 months, follow-up 16 weeks to 18 months; vs. No intervention/usual care, minimal intervention, or other diets	All-cause mortality: no difference (no deaths)
9 Ravichagua et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 803 participants	Oral potassium supplements (salt form not reported); Median 4 weeks; vs. Placebo, sodium chloride, or no treatment	Any adverse event (RR 2.41); Total withdrawals: worsened (RR 1.32); AE-related withdrawals (RR 1.28)
15 Brand et al. 2022	systematic review	Potassium-containing low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) replacing regular salt; vs. Regular salt or no active intervention	Change in blood potassium, hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia: unclear
17 Zhang et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 20,996 participants	Sodium-reduced potassium-enriched salt substitute; mean follow-up 4.7 years; vs. continued regular salt use	total stomach cancer: no difference (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.08); adjudicated fatal stomach cancer: improved (RR 0.66 (95% CI 0.44 to 1.00)); unadjudicated non-fatal stomach cancer: no difference (RR 0.88 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.37))
19 Haghdoost et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 20,995 participants	Salt substitute with 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride; mean follow-up 4.7 years; vs. regular salt (100% sodium chloride)	Headache frequency: no difference (RR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.16, p = 0.48); Headache severity: no difference (p = 0.90)
21 Lin et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 14,989 participants	Real-time AI-enabled ECG alert in the electronic health record; 6 months (2022); vs. Physicians without alerts (control group)	Hyperkalemia-related treatment within 3 hours (all patients): no difference (8.0% vs. 7.7%; hazard ratio 1.05; 95% CI 0.94-1.17; p = 0.420); Hypokalemia-related treatment within 3 hours: no difference (2.1% vs. 2.4%; hazard ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.74-1.13; p = 0.392); Hyperkalemia-related treatment among AI-ECG-identified patients: improved (69.1% vs. 41.6%; hazard ratio 2.23; 95% CI 1.44-3.46; p < 0.001)
25 O'Brien et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 1,690 participants	Potassium supplementation (potassium chloride) triggered by serum potassium threshold; Supplement only if serum potassium <4.5 mEq/L (tight) vs <3.6 mEq/L (relaxed); First 120 hours after CABG or until discharge; vs. Tight vs relaxed potassium control	In-patient mortality: no difference; Length of stay: no difference; Per-patient cost for purchasing and administering potassium: improved (mean difference, $111.89 [95% CI, $103.60-$120.19]; P <.001)
30 Hao et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 309 participants	Free medically tailored groceries high in fibre or healthy fats; 12-week intervention, follow-up up to 12 months; vs. Usual care without grocery provision	Potassium intake during intervention: improved (+ 279 mg (95%CI 0 to 558 mg)); Potassium intake at follow-up: no difference

Further studies in this area: 31 32 33 34 37 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 55 56 58 59 60 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 77 78 79 80 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 94 98 100 102 103 106 110 111 112 117 118 120 121 123 124 126 127 130 131 132 134 135 136 139

4. How Is Potassium Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The studies used potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium gluconate, potassium aspartate as well as potassium from food, partly as salt substitutes with sodium chloride or as combination products with magnesium. Some investigations used potassium binders such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. The doses, durations and preparations differ greatly and are shown in the table.

Preparation or form	Dose	Duration	Study
Sodium-reduced potassium-enriched salt substitute	—	mean follow-up 4.7 years	17
Salt substitute (potassium chloride-containing) vs. regular salt	—	5 years	18
Salt substitute with 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride	—	mean follow-up 4.7 years	19
Salt substitute with 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride vs regular salt	—	median 61.2 months	20
Real-time AI-enabled ECG alert in the electronic health record	—	6 months (2022)	21
Multifaceted intervention including potassium-enriched low-sodium salt substitute	—	6-month active phase, follow-up to 12 months	22
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC), potassium binder	Starting dose 5 g once daily on non-dialysis days, titrated as needed	—	23
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC), a potassium binder	5 g once daily on nondialysis days, titrated weekly over 4 weeks between 0 and 15 g	up to 12 months (normokalemia at 12 months reported)	24
Potassium supplementation (potassium chloride) triggered by serum potassium threshold	Supplement only if serum potassium <4.5 mEq/L (tight) vs <3.6 mEq/L (relaxed)	First 120 hours after CABG or until discharge	25
Potassium-increasing treatment (form not specified) plus standard care	Uptitration to high-normal plasma potassium (increase 0.3 mmol/L)	median follow-up 3.3 person-years	26
Potassium supplementation, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, or both plus dietary guidance	Target plasma potassium 4.5–5.0 mmol/l	Median follow-up 39.6 months	27
Salt substitute with 70% sodium chloride and 30% potassium chloride replacing all home salt	—	until end of trial (duration not reported)	28
Free medically tailored groceries high in fibre or healthy fats	—	12-week intervention, follow-up up to 12 months	30
Legume-based DASH diet (dietary potassium)	—	16 weeks	31
Tablets: T1 supplement, T2 placebo, T3 magnesium, T4 magnesium plus potassium	—	60 days follow-up	32

5. Is Potassium Safe? Side Effects in Studies

In a meta-analysis, adverse events and discontinuations occurred more frequently with potassium 9. Details are shown in the table.

Study	Reported side effects
2 Zirino et al. 2025	Adverse event data limited, no significant differences in total AEs; mortality data sparse (one death in placebo group)
6 Bensaaud et al. 2025	Adverse effects were a secondary outcome, not reported in the abstract
7 Poorolajal et al. 2017	No important adverse effects; described as safe
9 Ravichagua et al. 2025	Adverse events more frequent (RR 2.41); more withdrawals (RR 1.32)
15 Brand et al. 2022	Hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia assessed as safety outcomes
20 Ding et al. 2025	no significant difference in hyperkalemia (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.74-1.38; P = .96)
22 Du et al. 2026	serious adverse events 2.8% vs 2.3%
23 Fishbane et al. 2026	Edema 5% vs 5%, heart failure 5% vs 5%, hypertension 9% vs 8%
24 Fishbane et al. 2025	Serious adverse events 38.6% (SZC) vs 37.6% (placebo); hypokalemia 3.0% vs 1.4%
25 O'Brien et al. 2024	No increase in dysrhythmias or adverse clinical outcomes in relaxed group
27 Jøns et al. 2025	Hospitalization for hyperkalemia or hypokalemia similar in both groups
36 Reddy et al. 2014	drug intolerance in 61 patients within 1 month

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

The studies differ greatly in salt form, dose, duration and population, which makes a direct comparison difficult.
Many investigations on kidney and cardiovascular system are small and short, partly with combination products.
For potassium from food, the blood pressure data are inconsistent; studies with endpoints such as heart attack or stroke are still pending.
For muscle, diabetes and bone, only a few controlled studies with different forms are available.
The transferability to healthy individuals is limited, since many findings were obtained in patients with hyperkalemia, dialysis or diabetes.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About Potassium

Potassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that has been studied in humans in various forms and preparations. A blood pressure reduction is most evident with supplements and potassium-enriched salt substitutes, while the data on potassium from food are inconsistent. In hyperkalemia on dialysis, potassium binders reduce hyperkalemia events, and most also lower the potassium level. For cardiovascular endpoints, the evidence is moderate, for muscle, diabetes and bone it is low; many studies are small, short or investigated combination products. The results apply in each case only to the potassium form and preparation studied.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has Potassium been studied in humans?

Does Potassium help with blood pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 9 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 40 controlled studies and 11 further studies; the controlled studies include 26,131 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 1 3 4 5

Does Potassium help with cardiovascular? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 18 controlled studies and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 20,157 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 6 10 12 15

Does Potassium help with kidney? What the studies show

We evaluated 12 controlled studies and 8 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,062 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 20 32 36 37

Does Potassium help with diabetes? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 675 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: 29 37 65 67

Does Potassium help with muscle? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 controlled studies and one further study; the controlled studies include 310 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: 46 58 61 112

Does Potassium help with bone? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 controlled studies and one further study; the controlled studies include 21,031 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: 18 91 132

Does potassium lower blood pressure?

Several meta-analyses of controlled studies show that increased potassium intake lowers blood pressure, especially in hypertension and as a supplement 3 4 7 8 9 11; potassium-containing salt substitutes also lowered it 5. Other controlled studies found no confirmed difference, for example with a higher-potassium diet in kidney disease 101 or after a single potassium-rich meal 99. The results therefore depend on form, preparation and population.

Which potassium forms were studied?

Potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium gluconate, potassium aspartate and potassium from food were studied, partly as combination products with sodium chloride or magnesium. Some studies used potassium binders such as patiromer or sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. The results apply in each case only to the form and preparation studied.

How safe is potassium in the studies?

A salt substitute made of potassium chloride and sodium chloride did not lead to hyperkalemia more frequently than normal salt 20, and a potassium-increasing treatment did not lead to hospital admissions due to hyperkalemia or hypokalemia more frequently 27. In a meta-analysis, adverse events and discontinuations occurred more frequently with potassium 9. With the potassium binder sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, hypokalemia occurred somewhat more frequently in dialysis patients than with placebo 24.

Are there studies on potassium in diabetes?

There are five controlled studies that do not give a consistent picture. A randomized controlled study with a mixture of olive leaf extract and potassium found decreasing fasting insulin and HOMA values; fasting glucose and HbA1c remained unchanged 65. The evidence is low, since forms, mixtures and populations vary greatly.

What do the studies on potassium and stroke show?

A randomized controlled study with a salt substitute made of potassium chloride and sodium chloride found fewer recurrent strokes and fewer hemorrhagic strokes in stroke survivors in northern China 20. A systematic review on the DASH diet, which includes further nutrient changes in addition to more potassium, could not confirm any effect on stroke risk 6. The evidence is low, since only one controlled study is available and the remaining findings come from combination products or observational data.

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88
Effective treatment of seborrheic dermatitis using a low dose, oral homeopathic medication consisting of potassium bromide, sodium bromide, nickel sulfate, and sodium chloride in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Smith SA, Baker AE, Williams JH · 2002
89
The Effects of a Whole-Food Plant-Based Nutrition Education Program on Blood Pressure and Potassium in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Liebman SE, Baran A, Barnett TD, Campbell TM, Chen L, Friedman SM et al. · 2025
90
A Short-Term Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Desensitising Toothpastes in the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Alhammadi MA, Alketbi MM, Sultan AS, Alsabek YM, Acharya AB · 2026
91
Effects of Potassium or Sodium Supplementation on Mineral Homeostasis: A Controlled Dietary Intervention Study
Humalda JK, Yeung SMH, Geleijnse JM, Gijsbers L, Riphagen IJ, Hoorn EJ et al. · 2020
92
Effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on blood pressure and arterial stiffness: a fully controlled dietary intervention study
Gijsbers L, Dower JI, Mensink M, Siebelink E, Bakker SJ, Geleijnse JM · 2015
93
Impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on blood pressure of hypertensive patients
Barros CL, Sousa AL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim TS, Carneiro SB et al. · 2015
94
Effect of different material protocols on the control of dentin hypersensitivity: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial
Martins JM, Nogueira MFF, de Oliveira GJPL, Machado AC, de Freitas Santos Filho PC, Carlo HL et al. · 2026
95
Randomized Trial of Patiromer on Efficacy to Reduce Episodic Hyperkalemia in Patients with ESKD Treated With Hemodialysis
Middleton JP, Sun S, Murray S, Davenport CA, Daubert JP · 2024
96
Postprandial Vascular Effects of a High Potassium Meal in Patients with Treated Hypertension
Malta D, Esfandiari S, Goldraich LA, Allard JP, Newton GE · 2024
97
Diminished antiproteinuric effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker losartan during high potassium intake in patients with CKD
Wouda RD, Waanders F, de Zeeuw D, Navis G, Vogt L, K+ Consortium · 2021
98
A TRIPLE-BLIND RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING THE EFFICACY OF A DESENSITIZING AGENT USED WITH AN AT-HOME BLEACHING TECHNIQUE
Pereira-Lores P, Alonso DE LA Peña V, Gancedo-Gancedo T, Villasenín-Sánchez C, Bello-Castro A, Martín-Biedma B et al. · 2025
99
Postprandial effects of potassium supplementation on vascular function and blood pressure: a randomised cross-over study
Blanch N, Clifton PM, Keogh JB · 2014
100
Comparative Assessment of Ibuprofen-Arginine and Potassium Nitrate-Fluoride Gels for Reducing Post-Bleaching Dentin Sensitivity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Split-Mouth Trial
Colognese MRV, Kayser LA, Dalagustinho SKS, Cardoso PMF, Camilotti V · 2026
101
Randomized Trial on the Effects of Dietary Potassium on Blood Pressure and Serum Potassium Levels in Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease
Turban S, Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Anderson CAM, White K, Charleston J et al. · 2021
102
Time-course changes in fluid balance following ingestion of a novel glycerol-electrolyte solution in a randomized trial
Baker LB, Rea J, Davidson E, Crosby J, De Chavez PJD, Osterberg KL · 2026
103
Effect of Increased Potassium Intake on Adrenal Cortical and Cardiovascular Responses to Angiotensin II: A Randomized Crossover Study
Dreier R, Andersen UB, Forman JL, Sheykhzade M, Egfjord M, Jeppesen JL · 2021
104
Impact of dietary counseling on Mediterranean diet principles on dietary fiber intake and serum uremic toxins in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study
Pajk K, Bremec N, Kuzmanovski A, Lindič J, Pajek J, Knap B · 2025
105
Effect of potassium supplementation on renal tubular function, ambulatory blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in healthy humans
Matthesen SK, Larsen T, Vase H, Lauridsen TG, Pedersen EB · 2012
106
Blood Pressure-Lowering Mechanisms of the DASH Dietary Pattern
Lin PH, Allen JD, Li YJ, Yu M, Lien LF, Svetkey LP · 2012
107
Randomized Trial on the Effect of Oral Potassium Chloride Supplementation on the Thiazide-Sensitive Sodium Chloride Cotransporter in Healthy Adults
Wu A, Wolley MJ, Mayr HL, Cheng L, Cowley D, Li B et al. · 2023
108
Post-exercise rehydration: a randomized cross-over trial comparing a 100% fruit juice, a glucose-based sports drink, and water
Juett LA, van der Wolf-Ong J, Gyamfi PA, Ebrahim SD, Codd EB, Pugh CF et al. · 2026
109
Liberal fruit and vegetable intake in patients with advanced CKD with or without Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate
Moest WT, Snoeker B, Mallat MJK, Vermanen LAH, Kuipers HT, de Borst MH et al. · 2026
110
Evaluation and comparison of the effects of a new paste containing 8% L-Arginine and CaCO3 plus KNO3 on dentinal tubules occlusion and dental sensitivity: a randomized, triple blinded clinical trial study
Mohammadipour HS, Bagheri H, Babazadeh S, Khorshid M, Shooshtari Z, Shahri A · 2024
111
Treatment-induced increase in total body potassium in patients at high risk of ventricular arrhythmias; a randomized POTCAST substudy
Winsløw U, Sakthivel T, Zheng C, Bosselmann H, Haugan K, Bruun N et al. · 2023
112
Comparing the Effects of Water, Sodium-Potassium, and Potassium-Rich Solutions on Fluid Balance and Thermal Strain Following Exercise in the Heat: A Randomized Triple-Blind Crossover Study
Killick JA, Jenkins EJ, Benson J, Macciochi J, Corr L · 2026
113
Effects of a commercial lemonade beverage, potassium citrate, and combination therapy on urinary stone risk parameters in hypocitraturic stone formers: a randomized crossover trial
Guo JN, Patel A, Tsai KP, Khondakar N, Krambeck AE, Lee MS · 2026
114
Long-term potassium supplementation lowers blood pressure in elderly hypertensive subjects
Fotherby MD, Potter JF · 1997
115
Natriuretic response to an acute oral potassium load in healthy individuals and patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial
Wouda RD, Karsten M, Michels EHA, Garrelds IM, Danser AHJ, de Borst MH et al. · 2026
116
Single-Pill Low-Dose Triple Combination Therapy vs Standard-Dose Monotherapy in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension
Sung KC, Park K, Kim DH, Lim SW, Hong SJ, Lee JB et al. · 2026
117
"Minimal-Advice" on Salt Intake: Results of a Multicentre Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial on Hypertensive Patients
D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Del Giudice A, Desideri G, Di Quattro R, Ferri C et al. · 2025
118
A Randomized Clinical Trial of ICT-based Interventions for Sodium and Potassium Regulation in Healthy Adults
Yano Y, Kitaoka K, Ohkubo T, Okamura T, Kanegae H, Yoshita K et al. · 2025
119
Novel low-sodium salt formulations combined with Chinese modified DASH diet for reducing blood pressure in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial
Zhang Z, Zhou X, Mei Y, Bu X, Tang J, Gong T et al. · 2023
120
Are long-term FAD diets restricting micronutrient intake? A randomized controlled trial
Malik N, Tonstad S, Paalani M, Dos Santos H, Luiz do Prado W · 2020
121
Effects of Potassium Magnesium Citrate Supplementation on 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress Marker in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects
Vongpatanasin W, Peri-Okonny P, Velasco A, Arbique D, Wang Z, Ravikumar P et al. · 2016
122
Reduction of blood pressure with calcium and potassium supplementation in children with salt sensitivity: a 2-year double-blinded placebo-controlled trial
Mu JJ, Liu ZQ, Liu WM, Liang YM, Yang DY, Zhu DJ et al. · 2005
123
Supplementation of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and potassium in critically ill patients: A multicenter cohort study
Yarnell CJ, Bodley T, Law AC, Tomlinson G, Vail EA, Bosch NA · 2026
124
Lifetime health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of salt substitution for stroke survivors in China: a microsimulation modeling study
Li X, Ding X, Tian M, Huang L, Li Z, Zhao Y et al. · 2026
125
Potassium intake and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Chatterjee R, Colangelo LA, Yeh HC, Anderson CA, Daviglus ML, Liu K et al. · 2012
126
Awareness and Use of Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes and Its Impact on 24-h Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China-A Cross-Sectional Study
Zhang P, Fan F, Li Y, Li Y, Luo R, Li L et al. · 2023
127
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Score and Its Association with Sleep Quality in a National Survey of Middle-Aged and Older Men and Women
Liang H, Beydoun HA, Hossain S, Maldonado A, Zonderman AB, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT et al. · 2020
128
Are Serum Potassium and Magnesium Levels Associated with Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery?
Howitt SH, Grant SW, Campbell NG, Malagon I, McCollum C · 2020
129
Patterns of sodium and potassium excretion and blood pressure in the African Diaspora
Tayo BO, Luke A, McKenzie CA, Kramer H, Cao G, Durazo-Arvizu R et al. · 2012
130
Urine Potassium Excretion, Kidney Failure, and Mortality in CKD
Leonberg-Yoo AK, Tighiouart H, Levey AS, Beck GJ, Sarnak MJ · 2017
131
Sodium and Potassium Excretion of Schoolchildren and Relationship with Their Family Excretion in China
Li Y, Sun Y, Li X, Dong L, Cheng F, Luo R et al. · 2021
132
Associations of Dietary Macroelements with Knee Joint Structures, Symptoms, Quality of Life, and Comorbid Conditions in People with Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Zhang Y, Chen T, Luo P, Li S, Zhu J, Xue S et al. · 2022
133
Relationship between sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure in a sample of overweight adults
Ndanuko RN, Tapsell LC, Charlton KE, Neale EP, O'Donnell KM, Batterham MJ · 2017
134
High-Normal Preoperative Potassium Level Is Associated with Reduced 30-Day Morbidity and Shorter Hospital Stay after Radical Cystectomy
Borgmann H, Kamal MM, Metzger A, Dotzauer R, Fischer N, Sparwasser P et al. · 2022
135
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Sodium and Potassium Intake in People at a High Risk of Dementia
Rodrigues J, Costa M, Sousa D, Costa AR, Lunet N, Cruz VT et al. · 2024
136
Effects of magnesium taurate-potassium citrate on blood pressure and vascular stiffness in low-risk adults with elevated blood pressure
Dereli S · 2026
137
Reevaluating potassium supplementation in pediatric DKA: Is routine KPO4 use necessary?
Eser Ö, Ulusoy E, Er A, Mart ZÖ, Arslan S, Demir K et al. · 2025
138
High Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Is Not Associated with an Improved Sodium and Potassium Intake
Viroli G, Gonçalves C, Pinho O, Silva-Santos T, Padrão P, Moreira P · 2021
139
Impact of empiric potassium supplementation on mortality, sudden cardiac arrest and stroke in furosemide initiators
Pham Nguyen TP, Hennessy S, Brensinger CM, Bilker WB, Dember LM, Miano TA et al. · 2026
140
Potassium citrate for stone prevention - Quantifying benefit through the number needed to treat: A narrative review
Talyshinskii A, Pischetola A, Kamal W, Somani BK · 2026
141
Recent Nutraceutical Interventions for Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review of Randomized Clinical Evidence
Yanru L, Ulaganathan V, Gunasekaran B, Bhattacharya T · 2025
142
Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?
St-Jules DE, Goldfarb DS, Sevick MA · 2016
143
Dietary sodium, potassium, and alcohol: key players in the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of human hypertension
Koliaki C, Katsilambros N · 2013

Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.