Knowledge · Natural Compounds

L-Arginine

Q: Does L-Arginine help with blood Pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 137 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [3, 8, 12, 42]

Q: Does L-Arginine help with cardiovascular Health? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 14 further studies; the controlled studies include 270 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [1, 7, 10, 11]

Q: Does L-Arginine help with metabolism? What the studies show

We evaluated 17 controlled studies and 19 further studies; the controlled studies include 770 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [4, 7, 19, 25]

Q: Does L-Arginine help with pregnancy? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 2 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 312 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [3, 6, 8, 14]

Q: Does L-Arginine help with vascular Function? What the studies show

We evaluated 6 controlled studies and 10 further studies; the controlled studies include 179 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: [7, 9, 31, 48]

Q: Does L-Arginine help with wound Healing? What the studies show

We evaluated one controlled study and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 69 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: unclear. Sources: [32, 78, 80, 91]

Q: What is L-arginine and what is it used for?

L-arginine is a proteinogenic amino acid, meaning a building block of proteins. The body produces it itself and takes it in through protein-containing food. It is offered as a dietary supplement and used in medical nutrition. Human studies investigated, among other things, vascular function, blood pressure and pregnancy.

Q: What effects do human studies show on vascular function?

Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased with oral L-arginine in pulmonary hypertension [68]; after bypass surgery, coronary resistance remained more stable with an infusion than with placebo [49]. One study found no difference in flow-mediated dilation [48]. A mixture of L-arginine and vitamin C improved flow-mediated dilation in long COVID compared with placebo; the contribution of L-arginine remains open [39].

Q: How does L-arginine affect blood pressure?

The findings are mixed. An L-arginine drink lowered systolic blood pressure in healthy men compared with placebo [69]. Other controlled studies found no difference in mean arterial pressure [44, 54], and a meta-analysis in at-risk pregnant women found none in systolic and diastolic blood pressure [3]. The positive results mostly come from very small studies.

Database-based evaluation · 106 studies in our database, 19 of them controlled human trials · As of 16 October 2026 · How we work

L-arginine is a proteinogenic amino acid; for blood pressure and vessels, studies mostly found no confirmed benefit, in pregnancy there are indications of less frequent preeclampsia.

We evaluated 174 human studies on L-Arginine, including 76 randomised controlled trials and 16 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 4,033 participants in total. As of 8 October 2026.

This page as PDF · Summary

1. What Is L-Arginine? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

L-Arginine is a proteinogenic amino acid, one of the building blocks of proteins. The body produces it itself and takes it in through protein-containing food. It is sold as a dietary supplement and used in clinical nutrition.

L-Arginine occurs in the proteins of animal and plant foods, for example in meat, fish, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds. In the body it is formed, among other routes, in the urea cycle.

For supplements, L-arginine is produced industrially, mostly by fermentation or from protein hydrolysates. Studies mainly examine the free base, the hydrochloride, the alpha-ketoglutarate and the ethyl ester, sometimes as a single substance and sometimes in mixtures.

Forms and Preparations Studied

L-arginine (free base)
L-arginine hydrochloride
L-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate
L-arginine ethyl ester
L-arginine from protein-rich foods

Not covered on this page:

D-arginine, the mirror-image molecule, a substance of its own with different properties
L-citrulline and L-ornithine, related amino acids of the urea cycle, but substances of their own
Studies in which L-arginine is only a comparator, a placebo or an excipient

2. What Does L-Arginine Do? Results by Area

Area	Result in controlled studies	Strength of evidence	Studies	Participants
Blood Pressure	mostly no difference	high	2 meta-analyses · 9 controlled · 7 other	137
Cardiovascular Health	mostly no difference	high	2 meta-analyses · 9 controlled · 14 other	270
Metabolism	mixed	moderate	0 meta-analyses · 17 controlled · 19 other	770
Pregnancy	mixed	moderate	2 meta-analyses · 2 controlled · 5 other	312
Vascular Function	mostly no difference	low	0 meta-analyses · 6 controlled · 10 other	179
Wound Healing	mixed	unclear	0 meta-analyses · 1 controlled · 7 other	69
Other investigations	mostly no difference	high	2 meta-analyses · 22 controlled · 50 other	1,157

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

L-Arginine and Blood Pressure: Human Studies

In a controlled study, the systolic blood pressure of healthy men was lower after an L-arginine drink than after a placebo drink 69. A meta-analysis found a lower systolic blood pressure in treatment studies on preeclampsia with very low certainty of evidence 8; another found no difference in at-risk pregnant women 3. Overall, the findings are mixed; the positive results mostly come from very small studies, and the more robust meta-analyses on L-arginine alone show no or only limited benefit.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Naderipour et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 1,165 participants	L-arginine supplementation; vs. Placebo	Systolic blood pressure: no difference (SMD: -0.35, 95% CI: -91, 21); Diastolic blood pressure: no difference (SMD: -0.50, 95% CI: -1.08, 0.07)
8 Makama et al. 2025	meta-analysis	L-arginine (one trial also L-citrulline); vs. Placebo or standard care	Mean systolic blood pressure (treatment): improved (MD -5.64 mmHg; 95% CI -10.66, -0.62)
12 Hillsley et al. 2024	systematic review	L-arginine and/or L-citrulline	chronic blood pressure reduction: unclear
42 Porto et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 37 participants	3 g oral L-arginine vs. placebo, triple-blind, crossover; 3 g L-arginine; acute single dose, 20 min post-exercise recovery; vs. placebo under identical treadmill protocol	Systolic and diastolic blood pressure: no difference
44 Porto et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 32 participants	3 g L-arginine vs. 3 g starch (placebo); 3 g L-arginine; before an exercise test; vs. placebo (3 g starch), crossover	Mean arterial pressure (MAP): no difference (p = 0.687); Pulse pressure (PP): no difference (p = 0.929)
49 Wallace et al. 1999	randomised controlled · 20 participants	10% arginine hydrochloride infusion vs. placebo; 30 g over 15 min; 15-min infusion; vs. placebo infusion	Mean arterial pressure: improved (P = 0.021)
54 Bailey et al. 2015	randomised controlled · 10 participants	L-arginine vs. L-citrulline vs. placebo; 6 g/day arginine; 7 days; vs. placebo and L-citrulline (6 g/day), crossover	Mean arterial blood pressure: no difference (P > 0.05)
55 Mehta et al. 1996	randomised controlled · 10 participants	L-arginine hydrochloride infusion; 0.5 g/kg over 30 min; 30-min infusion; vs. placebo, randomized crossover	Mean blood pressure (peak effect): improved (-9.3 +/- 0.9% (p<0.005))

Further studies in this area: 60 62 68 69 72 86 98 111 113 136

L-Arginine and Cardiovascular Health: Human Studies

In pulmonary hypertension 68 and in β-thalassemia 28, pulmonary artery pressure decreased with oral L-arginine, but not with placebo. In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, it decreased with L-arginine as well as with citrulline; a placebo group was lacking 60. After bypass surgery, an L-arginine hydrochloride infusion kept graft blood flow more stable than placebo 49. Two meta-analyses report more favorable cardiovascular risk factors with L-arginine as a dietary supplement 1 as well as lower troponin T in bypass patients 10. For heart rate and heart rate variability after exercise, several controlled studies found no difference from placebo 42 44 59; the studies were mostly small and short.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
1 An et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 883,627 participants	L-arginine supplementation (among 27 micronutrients); vs. Placebo or other micronutrients	reduction of CVD risk factors: improved (moderate- to high-quality evidence for reducing CVD risk factors)
7 Adams et al. 2026	systematic review	l-arginine or l-citrulline as NO-precursor therapy; vs. patients versus controls; within-subject change on precursor therapy	Myocardial oxidative metabolism (PET): improved
10 Mohammadi et al. 2024	systematic review	L-arginine as supplement or infusion during cardioplegia; vs. Placebo group	Troponin T: improved (WMD = -0.61 ng/ml; 95% CI: -1.07, -0.15); Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB): no difference; Troponin I: no difference
11 Triantafillidis et al. 2024	systematic review	Enteral immune nutrition with arginine in a mixture; vs. Control, not further described	Postoperative complications: improved
28 Ansari et al. 2023	randomised controlled · 88 participants	oral L-arginine versus placebo; 8 weeks; vs. placebo group	systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP): no difference (decreased from 32.88 to 26.02 (P=0.009)); ejection fraction (EF): no difference
36 Gomaa et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 50 participants	L-arginine; 0.1–0.2 g/kg/day; 3 months; vs. Control group without L-arginine	Tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRJV): improved (significantly lower TRJV levels); NT-proBNP: improved (significantly lower NT-proBNP)
42 Porto et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 37 participants	3 g oral L-arginine vs. placebo, triple-blind, crossover; 3 g L-arginine; acute single dose, 20 min post-exercise recovery; vs. placebo under identical treadmill protocol	Heart rate variability (time and frequency domain): no difference; Heart rate: no difference; Vagal reactivation (rMSSD): unclear
44 Porto et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 32 participants	3 g L-arginine vs. 3 g starch (placebo); 3 g L-arginine; before an exercise test; vs. placebo (3 g starch), crossover	Heart rate recovery (HRR): no difference (p = 0.944); Heart rate variability (RMSSD30): no difference (p = 0.562)

Further studies in this area: 49 59 60 67 68 71 73 75 86 106 111 114 119 122 125 134 138

L-Arginine and Metabolism: Human Studies

L-citrulline in the blood rose under an L-arginine infusion in healthy individuals 55 and under oral L-arginine in pulmonary hypertension 68. In children with sickle cell crisis, intravenous L-arginine improved platelet mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress compared with placebo 25. There was no confirmed difference in opioid requirement and pain, the main objectives of the study 25. Clinical endpoints such as body composition, testosterone or inflammatory markers were inconsistently affected, and several studies were small or short. The evidence is moderate; the significance for hard clinical endpoints remains open.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
4 Tian et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 184 participants	L-arginine combined with Pycnogenol (PAL); vs. Control group (placebo or standard treatment)	Testosterone levels: no difference (no significant difference)
7 Adams et al. 2026	systematic review	l-arginine or l-citrulline as NO-precursor therapy; vs. patients versus controls; within-subject change on precursor therapy	Absolute synthesis rate of NO metabolites (ASR NOm): improved
19 Abd et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 240 participants	Letrozole + L-arginine (vs letrozole + chromium, myoinositol, control); 3 months follow-up; vs. letrozole + chromium, letrozole + myoinositol, control	testosterone: unclear; HOMA-IR: unclear (p = 0.001)
25 Morris et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 108 participants	intravenous arginine; 100 mg/kg/dose every 8 h or 200 mg/kg loading then 100 mg/kg; vs. placebo	Arginine bioavailability: improved (p < 0.001); Platelet-mitochondrial activity: improved (p < 0.001); Plasma protein-carbonyl levels: improved (p < 0.001)
32 Hassanein et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 69 participants	L-arginine 5 g + maltodextrin 5 g oral suspension; 5 g L-arginine plus 5 g maltodextrin; assessed at weeks 2, 5 and 7 of radiotherapy; vs. glutamine 5 g + maltodextrin or maltodextrin 10 g	BMI decline at week 7: improved (p = 0.028)
33 Córdova-Martínez et al. 2022	randomised controlled · 66 participants	l-arginine supplement vs. placebo vs. beetroot extract; 6-week training period; vs. placebo and beetroot extract group	circulating creatine kinase activity in women: no difference (214.1 ± 162.2 mIU/L); urea levels in women (beetroot lower): no difference (31.6 ± 5.9 mg/dL)
35 Jabecka et al. 2012	randomised controlled · 54 participants	oral L-arginine; 2 g tid or 4 g tid; 28 days; vs. placebo	Plasma arginine: no difference (significant increase); Plasma citrulline: no difference (significant increase); Plasma ADMA: no difference (significantly exceeded initial concentrations)
36 Gomaa et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 50 participants	L-arginine; 0.1–0.2 g/kg/day; 3 months; vs. Control group without L-arginine	Nitric oxide (NO): improved (significantly higher NO); L-arginine (LA): improved (significantly higher LA); LA/ADMA ratio: improved (significantly higher LA/ADMA ratios)

Further studies in this area: 48 51 52 54 55 58 62 64 67 68 69 72 74 80 83 88 89 95 96 97 99 104 108 109 112 122 134 135

L-Arginine and Pregnancy: Human Studies

A meta-analysis in at-risk pregnant women found preeclampsia less often with L-arginine than with placebo 3. According to a meta-analysis, L-arginine reduced the risk of preeclampsia in prevention studies and fetal growth restriction in treatment studies; the evidence is of low certainty 8. A randomized controlled trial with oral L-arginine in addition to standard therapy found higher clinical and chemical pregnancy rates in women with recurrent implantation failure 31. No differences were found in gestational age or APGAR score 3. A combination preparation with chasteberry, green tea, L-arginine, vitamins and minerals led to pregnancy more often than placebo 63 66. This cannot be attributed to L-arginine alone. The transferability to other forms such as L-arginine hydrochloride or ethyl ester is open.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Naderipour et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 1,165 participants	L-arginine supplementation; vs. Placebo	Incidence of preeclampsia: improved (OR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.77); Neonatal birth weight: no difference (SMD: -0.16, 95% CI: -31, -0.01); Gestational age: no difference (SMD: 0.6, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.18)
6 Wang et al. 2026	meta-analysis	L-arginine plus vitamin B, C, E; vs. Placebo and other nutritional supplements	Preeclampsia: improved (OR=0.33, 95% CI (0.20, 0.54))
8 Makama et al. 2025	meta-analysis	L-arginine (one trial also L-citrulline); vs. Placebo or standard care	Risk of pre-eclampsia (prevention): improved (RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.35, 0.78); Risk of severe pre-eclampsia (prevention): improved (RR 0.23; 95% CI 0.09, 0.55); Fetal growth restriction (treatment): improved (RR 0.46; 95% CI 0.26, 0.81)
14 Terstappen et al. 2020	meta-analysis	Oral amino acid supplements, including arginine; during gestation; vs. isonitrogenous control diet or placebo	Fetal/birth weight: improved; Fetal/birth weight with isonitrogenous control diet: no difference (no effects were reported when isonitrogenous control diet was included)
19 Abd et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 240 participants	Letrozole + L-arginine (vs letrozole + chromium, myoinositol, control); 3 months follow-up; vs. letrozole + chromium, letrozole + myoinositol, control	ovulation rate: unclear (p = 0.026, 0.039, and 0.008 at 1, 2, and 3 months); pregnancy rate: unclear
31 Fazli et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 72 participants	oral L-arginine in addition to standard treatment; 3 g daily; 20 days from luteal phase; vs. control with standard drug treatment and protocol	clinical pregnancy rate: improved (p=0.003); chemical pregnancy rate: improved (p=0.006)
92 Herrera et al. 2025	case report · 1 participants	L-arginine plus pravastatin; L-arginine 1.5 g/day, pravastatin 40 mg/day; from 21+5 weeks until delivery at 32+1 weeks; vs. none (case report)	pregnancy prolongation to delivery: unclear (32 weeks and 1 day); survival of both twins: improved (Both twins survived without major morbidity)
135 Hussain et al. 2020	review	Dietary amino acids, including arginine	Fetal growth, development and survival: unclear

Further studies in this area: 137

L-Arginine and Vascular Function: Human Studies

Oral L-arginine lowered pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension 68; after bypass surgery, coronary resistance remained more stable with an infusion than with placebo 49. In women with recurrent implantation failure, uterine artery resistance decreased more with L-arginine than in the control group 31. In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, a perfusion index after ischemia normalized with L-arginine as well as with citrulline, without a placebo group 65. This contrasts with a study showing no difference: flow-mediated dilation remained unchanged in healthy volunteers with oral L-arginine 48. A mixture of L-arginine and vitamin C improved flow-mediated dilation in long COVID compared with placebo; the contribution of L-arginine remains open 39. After a high-fat meal, L-arginine alone or with beetroot powder did not change flow-mediated dilation 50. The forms tested range from the free base to the hydrochloride to L-arginine from protein-rich foods, the studies are predominantly small and short, and no results are available on clinical endpoints such as heart attack or stroke.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
7 Adams et al. 2026	systematic review	l-arginine or l-citrulline as NO-precursor therapy; vs. patients versus controls; within-subject change on precursor therapy	Flow-mediated dilation (FMD): improved; Reactive hyperemia index (RHI): improved
9 Hajimohammadebrahim-Ketabforoush et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Immunonutrition containing arginine; vs. Control/standard nutrition (not further reported)	CO2 reactivity: improved
31 Fazli et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 72 participants	oral L-arginine in addition to standard treatment; 3 g daily; 20 days from luteal phase; vs. control with standard drug treatment and protocol	right uterine artery resistance index: improved (p=0.002); left uterine artery resistance index: improved (p=0.019)
48 Schwedhelm et al. 2008	randomised controlled · 20 participants	oral L-arginine, L-citrulline, placebo; six dosing regimes, incl. citrulline 3 g bid; 1 week of oral supplementation; vs. placebo and L-citrulline	flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD): no difference (No treatment improved FMD over baseline)
49 Wallace et al. 1999	randomised controlled · 20 participants	10% arginine hydrochloride infusion vs. placebo; 30 g over 15 min; 15-min infusion; vs. placebo infusion	Coronary vascular resistance: improved (P = 0.05)
50 Smeets et al. 2020	randomised controlled · 18 participants	beetroot powder with/without L-arginine or L-arginine alone; 0.8 g, 1.5 g or 3.0 g L-arginine; 200 mg nitrate; single dose, 5 test days, wash-out ≥1 week; vs. control meal without nitrate/arginine; beetroot vs. no beetroot	Postprandial flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD): no difference (p = 0.45); Postprandial FMD with beetroot-containing meals vs. without: no difference (non-significant trend)
65 Orea-Tejeda et al. 2010	controlled · 30 participants	Oral L-arginine, in addition to optimal pharmacological treatment; 8 g/day in two doses; 60 days; vs. L-citrulline 3 g/day once daily	MAT/TT index 60-90 s post-ischemia: no difference (basal 38.75 ± 11.52, final 23.32 ± 6.08, p = 0.007); MAT/TT index post-ischemia: no difference (basal 36.60 ± 11.51, final 18.81 ± 15.13, p = 0.004)
68 Nagaya et al. 2001	controlled · 19 participants	oral L-arginine; acute 0.5 g/10 kg body weight; 1 wk 1.5 g/10 kg/d; 1 week; vs. placebo	pulmonary vascular resistance: improved (16% decrease (14.8 +/- 1.5 to 12.4 +/- 1.4 Wood units, p < 0.05))

Further studies in this area: 92 98 106 109 111 122 130 137

L-Arginine and Wound Healing: Human Studies

In radiation-induced oral mucositis, an L-arginine suspension alleviated severity and pain more than maltodextrin 32. Oral nutritional supplements with L-arginine, omega-3 fatty acids and other substances did not significantly reduce wound infections 43 and pressure ulcers 56 compared with the control.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
32 Hassanein et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 69 participants	L-arginine 5 g + maltodextrin 5 g oral suspension; 5 g L-arginine plus 5 g maltodextrin; assessed at weeks 2, 5 and 7 of radiotherapy; vs. glutamine 5 g + maltodextrin or maltodextrin 10 g	complete healing by week 7: unclear
78 Hamad et al. 2024	cross-sectional study · 120 participants	no supplementation; measurement of plasma arginine, FBS, HbA1c; vs. diabetics with vs. without foot ulcer vs. healthy controls	plasma arginine level: worsened (12.08, 49.25 and 94.1 micromole/L)
80 Takeuchi et al. 2024	cohort study · 86 participants	IMPACT (Nestle, Japan) containing arginine and eicosapentaenoic acid; 4 packs per day; 5 days preoperatively; vs. immunonutrition vs. control	Rate of surgical site infection: improved (P = .014); Surgical site infection, multivariate analysis: improved (OR = 0.14, CI 0.03-0.72, P = .019)
91 Zeng et al. 2026	case report · 1 participants	arginine hydrochloride 9.1 g in sterile water; 9.1 g, 180 mL/h via peripheral IV line; infusion stopped after 30 minutes; 129-day follow-up; vs. no control group	wound healing and scarring: improved (wound had healed with a mildly raised scar)
117 Ham et al. 2025	review	Immunonutrition with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, glutamine, nucleotides, antioxidants	Enhanced wound healing: improved
119 Lygizos et al. 2025	review	Immunonutrition with arginine, omega-3, nucleotides, antioxidants; perioperative; vs. Standard nutrition or no immunonutrition	Wound infections: improved (by 25-40%)
121 Taylor et al. 2025	review	Immunonutrition with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants; vs. no comparison (review)	Infections and wound healing complications: improved
123 Motamed-Gorji et al. 2025	review	L-arginine, oral supplementation	Anal fissure healing/sphincter pressure: unclear

L-Arginine: Further Outcomes in Studies

In older people with cognitive impairment, more participants achieved a normal score on the cognitive test under L-arginine than under placebo 41. An L-arginine drink prolonged the time to exhaustion 69. One week of L-arginine did not change endurance performance 54. An L-arginine hydrochloride infusion increased urinary nitrate and cGMP excretion in healthy individuals more than placebo 61. In erectile dysfunction, the favorable finding of a meta-analysis is based on L-arginine together with pycnogenol and does not allow conclusions about L-arginine alone 4. Mainly the free base and the hydrochloride were studied, predominantly orally; much remains open regarding dose, duration and clinical endpoints for the combination preparations.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
2 Luo et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,425 participants	31 different dietary supplements or placebo, including arginine; vs. Placebo	sprint time: improved (SMD: -1.2, moderate)
4 Tian et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 184 participants	L-arginine combined with Pycnogenol (PAL); vs. Control group (placebo or standard treatment)	IIEF score (erectile domain): improved; Intercourse satisfaction score: improved; Orgasmic function score: improved
5 Dunbar et al. 2014	systematic review · 28 participants	oral supplementation with creatine, L-arginine and/or glycine; median 34.6 months (range 3 months-5 years); vs. no control arm; pre-post comparison	treatment response (cerebral creatine or clinical parameters): improved (10 patients (36%)); cerebral creatine pre/post treatment: improved (significantly increased); clinical improvement in patients with increased cerebral creatine: improved (All of the patients)
9 Hajimohammadebrahim-Ketabforoush et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Immunonutrition containing arginine; vs. Control/standard nutrition (not further reported)	Inflammatory markers: improved; Nosocomial infections: improved; Blood–brain barrier integrity: improved
10 Mohammadi et al. 2024	systematic review	L-arginine as supplement or infusion during cardioplegia; vs. Placebo group	Interleukin-6 (IL-6): improved (WMD = -7.72 pg/ml; 95% CI: -15.05, -0.39); Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α): no difference
11 Triantafillidis et al. 2024	systematic review	Enteral immune nutrition with arginine in a mixture; vs. Control, not further described	Duration of hospitalization: improved; Patient survival: no difference; Immune responses: improved
13 Porto et al. 2023	meta-analysis	L-Arginine or L-Citrulline (separate subgroups); vs. Placebo in control groups	Oxidative stress pre vs. post exercise (L-Arginine subgroup): no difference (subtotal = -0.29 [-0.71, 0.12], p = 0.16); Antioxidant activity (L-Arginine subgroup): no difference (subtotal = -3.90 [-14.18, 6.38], p = 0.46); Inflammatory markers (overall): no difference (subtotal = 8.38 [-0.02, 16.78], p = 0.05)
15 Martínez-Rodríguez et al. 2020	systematic review	Dietary supplements, including arginine plus lysine; vs. Supplement versus control groups	Endurance exercise performance: improved

Further studies in this area: 16 19 20 24 25 28 32 33 34 35 41 45 51 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 64 69 70 76 77 79 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 90 91 93 94 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 105 107 108 110 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 124 126 127 128 129 131 132 133 134 138

4. How Is L-Arginine Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The studies predominantly used oral doses of L-arginine as a free base, as well as L-arginine hydrochloride and L-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate. Individual investigations examined L-arginine from protein-rich foods as well as infusions. The doses and treatment durations are shown in the table.

Preparation or form	Dose	Duration	Study
Staged nutraceutical regimen with arginine, citrulline, glutamine, bromelain, vitamin C	—	14-day recovery period	17
Oral L-arginine/L-citrulline mixture	5 g/day	1 to 5 days before surgery	18
Letrozole + L-arginine (vs letrozole + chromium, myoinositol, control)	—	3 months follow-up	19
oral L-arginine 1000 mg once daily	1000 mg once daily	4 weeks	20
Oral L-arginine plus liposomal vitamin C versus placebo	1.66 g L-arginine + 500 mg vitamin C twice daily	4 weeks	21
Prelox: pine bark extract plus l-arginine aspartate	—	6 months	22
Arginine calcium carbonate paste (Group III)	—	Assessment up to 3 months	23
beverage with L-theanine 200 mg plus L-arginine 50 mg vs. L-theanine 200 mg vs. placebo	50 mg L-arginine (with 200 mg L-theanine)	single dose, measurements up to 15 min	24
intravenous arginine	100 mg/kg/dose every 8 h or 200 mg/kg loading then 100 mg/kg	—	25
Tablet with ginseng, Tribulus terrestris and L-arginine	500 mg tablet with 250 mg L-arginine, 100 mg protodioscin, 35 mg ginsenosides	3 months	26
Tenosan supplement (arginine L-alpha-ketoglutarate, methylsulfonylmethane, hydrolyzed type I collagen, bromelain)	—	3 months after repair	27
oral L-arginine versus placebo	—	8 weeks	28
Multi-micronutrient dietary supplement with l-carnitine/acetyl-l-carnitine, l-arginine, glutathione, coenzyme Q10, zinc, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, selenium	once daily for 6 months (individual component doses not reported)	6 months	29
pre-workout supplement (PWS) with arginine alpha-ketoglutarate 2 g	2 g arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, once daily	8 weeks	30
oral L-arginine in addition to standard treatment	3 g daily	20 days from luteal phase	31

5. Is L-Arginine Safe? Side Effects in Studies

Under L-arginine, older participants discontinued individually due to thyroid disorder, nausea with diarrhea or bitter taste, while no one did under placebo 41. A training combination preparation with L-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, caffeine, beta-alanine and other substances did not change heart rate, blood pressure, ECG and blood values in a clinically significant way 47.

Study	Reported side effects
20 Mahmoud et al. 2025	not reported in the abstract
29 Kopets et al. 2020	no reportable supplement-associated adverse events
30 Jung et al. 2017	no increased incidence of side effects vs placebo
36 Gomaa et al. 2025	No significant differences in side effects between groups
37 Stanislavov et al. 2015	no unwanted effects reported
38 Stanislavov et al. 2014	no adverse effects reported
39 Tosato et al. 2022	not reported in abstract
40 Ogawa et al. 2025	no adverse events observed
41 Teotia et al. 2026	thyroid dysfunction, nausea/diarrhea, bitter taste; one withdrawal each (p=0.353)
43 Sakhri et al. 2026	not reported
46 Collins et al. 2017	no significant differences in self-reported side effects
47 Jung et al. 2017	no clinically significant differences in heart rate, blood pressure, ECG or clinical blood panels

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

Many studies were small and short; robust statements on clinical endpoints such as heart attack or stroke are lacking.
Some of the studies examined L-arginine only as a component of combination products, so the effect cannot be attributed to L-arginine alone.
The transferability between the forms (free base, hydrochloride, alpha-ketoglutarate, ethyl ester) is open.
There is hardly any data on dose-response relationships and long-term safety.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About L-Arginine

L-arginine is a proteinogenic amino acid that the body produces itself and takes in through protein-containing food. Controlled studies with L-arginine alone mostly found no confirmed benefit for blood pressure, vascular function, and heart and circulation; in pregnancy, meta-analyses with low certainty of evidence indicate less frequent preeclampsia. Several controlled studies found an increase in arginine and citrulline levels in the blood.

The informative value is limited by small, short studies and numerous combination products in which L-arginine was combined with other substances. Clinical endpoints such as heart attack or stroke were not investigated. L-arginine was predominantly well tolerated in the studies.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has L-Arginine been studied in humans?

Does L-Arginine help with blood Pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 137 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 3 8 12 42

Does L-Arginine help with cardiovascular Health? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 14 further studies; the controlled studies include 270 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 1 7 10 11

Does L-Arginine help with metabolism? What the studies show

We evaluated 17 controlled studies and 19 further studies; the controlled studies include 770 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 4 7 19 25

Does L-Arginine help with pregnancy? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 2 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 312 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 3 6 8 14

Does L-Arginine help with vascular Function? What the studies show

We evaluated 6 controlled studies and 10 further studies; the controlled studies include 179 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: low. Sources: 7 9 31 48

Does L-Arginine help with wound Healing? What the studies show

We evaluated one controlled study and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 69 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: unclear. Sources: 32 78 80 91

What is L-arginine and what is it used for?

L-arginine is a proteinogenic amino acid, meaning a building block of proteins. The body produces it itself and takes it in through protein-containing food. It is offered as a dietary supplement and used in medical nutrition. Human studies investigated, among other things, vascular function, blood pressure and pregnancy.

What effects do human studies show on vascular function?

Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased with oral L-arginine in pulmonary hypertension 68; after bypass surgery, coronary resistance remained more stable with an infusion than with placebo 49. One study found no difference in flow-mediated dilation 48. A mixture of L-arginine and vitamin C improved flow-mediated dilation in long COVID compared with placebo; the contribution of L-arginine remains open 39.

How does L-arginine affect blood pressure?

The findings are mixed. An L-arginine drink lowered systolic blood pressure in healthy men compared with placebo 69. Other controlled studies found no difference in mean arterial pressure 44 54, and a meta-analysis in at-risk pregnant women found none in systolic and diastolic blood pressure 3. The positive results mostly come from very small studies.

Are there studies on L-arginine in pregnancy?

Yes. Meta-analyses found preeclampsia less often 3 8 and, in treatment studies, less fetal growth restriction 8, with low certainty of evidence. A randomized controlled trial with oral L-arginine in addition to standard therapy found higher pregnancy rates in women with recurrent implantation failure 31. No differences were found in gestational age or APGAR score 3.

What side effects are known?

Sources

1
Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk
An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S et al. · 2022
2
Effects of different dietary supplements on athletic performance in soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Luo H, Tengku Kamalden TF, Zhu X, Xiang C, Nasharuddin NA · 2025
3
Efficacy of L-Arginine for Preventing Preeclampsia and Improving Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in High-Risk Pregnancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Naderipour F, Keshavarzi F, Mirfakhraee H, Dini P, Jamshidnezhad N, Abolghasem N et al. · 2024
4
Efficacy of L-arginine and Pycnogenol ® in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tian Y, Zhou Q, Li W, Liu M, Li Q, Chen Q · 2023
5
Treatment of X-linked creatine transporter (SLC6A8) deficiency: systematic review of the literature and three new cases
Dunbar M, Jaggumantri S, Sargent M, Stockler-Ipsiroglu S, van Karnebeek CD · 2014
6
Nutritional supplements for preventing preeclampsia: A network meta-analysis
Wang C, You C, Zhang Y · 2026
7
Endothelial-mitochondrial coupling in mitochondrial disease: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of vascular, biochemical, and oxidative bioenergetic dysfunction
Adams JA, Ko T, Sultan LR, Sarna T, McGinn D, Uryash A et al. · 2026
8
L-Arginine and L-Citrulline for Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Makama M, McDougall ARA, Cao J, Mills K, Nguyen PY, Hastie R et al. · 2025
9
Immunonutrition for modifying inflammatory markers and improving clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hajimohammadebrahim-Ketabforoush M, Meybodi TE, Mehmandoost M, Fallah M, Bahri A, Hajimirzaei SM et al. · 2025
10
L-arginine impact on inflammatory and cardiac markers in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Mohammadi Z, Ravankhah M, Ahmadi M, Keshavarzian O, Azari I, Abdollahi M et al. · 2024
11
Immunonutrition in Operated-on Gastric Cancer Patients: An Update
Triantafillidis JK, Malgarinos K · 2024
12
Assessment of Registered Clinical Trial Designs: Comparison of L-Arginine and/or L-Citrulline Interventions for Hypertension
Hillsley AB, McLachlan CS · 2024
13
Absence of Effects of L-Arginine and L-Citrulline on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress in Response to Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Benjamim CJR, Valenti VE · 2023
14
Prenatal Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve Fetal Growth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Terstappen F, Tol AJC, Gremmels H, Wever KE, Paauw ND, Joles JA et al. · 2020
15
Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review
Martínez-Rodríguez A, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Cuestas-Calero BJ, Hernández-García M, Martíez-Olcina M, Vicente-Martínez M et al. · 2020
16
Nutraceutical supplement in the management of tendinopathies: a systematic review
Fusini F, Bisicchia S, Bottegoni C, Gigante A, Zanchini F, Busilacchi A · 2016
17
Enhanced Recovery after Abdominoplasty Using Perisurgical Nutritional Supplementation
Harris L, Darby P · 2020
18
Asymmetric dimethylarginine predicts perioperative cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing medium-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery
Appel D, Böger R, Windolph J, Heinze G, Goetz AE, Hannemann J · 2020
19
Efficacy of L-Arginine, Myoinositol, and Chromium with Letrozole for Ovulation Induction in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Randomized Comparative Study
Abd El-Aziz NG, Osama H, Salem SAM, Rabea HM · 2026
20
L-arginine role for stone lower ureter: A randomized controlled trial
Mahmoud Mohammed Ahmed Elsherief A, Mahmoud Riyad A, Abdellah Ali E, Alam-Eldin Ahmed A, Ali Gad H, Mamdouh Abd Elhameid A · 2025
21
Impact of L-arginine and liposomal vitamin C supplementation on quality of life and daily life activities in patients with COPD: a randomized, multicenter, single blind, placebo-controlled trial (ILDA study)
Radovanovic D, Signorello JC, Fuccia G, Lazzaroni G, Danzo F, Guandalini GM et al. · 2025
22
Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study
Ledda A, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Schönlau F · 2010
23
In vivo comparative analysis of low-level laser therapy, sodium fluoride varnish and desensitizing paste for treating dentinal hypersensitivity
Polepalle T, Divyasree N, Dhir S, Mannava P, Dhulipalla R, Ramesh N · 2025
24
Effect of Combined Ingestion of L-Theanine and L-Arginine for Short-Term Psychological Stress in Young Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
Furushima D, Sugiyama I, Nomura Y, Unno K, Yamada H · 2022
25
Arginine Therapy for Pain in Sickle Cell Disease: A Phase-2 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Morris CR, Hatabah D, Korman R, Gillespie S, Bakshi N, Brown LA et al. · 2025
26
The Effect of the Combination of Ginseng, Tribulus Terrestris, and L-arginine on the Sexual Performance of Men with Erectile Dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, parallel, and placebo-controlled clinical trial
Tahvilian R, Golesorkhi MA, Parhoudeh F, Heydarpour F, Hosseini H, Baghshahi H et al. · 2024
27
Arginine L-alpha-ketoglutarate, methylsulfonylmethane, hydrolyzed type I collagen and bromelain in rotator cuff tear repair: a prospective randomized study
Gumina S, Passaretti D, Gurzì MD, Candela V · 2012
28
The Effect of L-Arginine Oral Supplementation on the Improvement of Cardiovascular Function and Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Patients with Major and Intermedia β-Thalassemia
Ansari Damavandi S, Parsaee M, Ahmadi Marzaleh M, Shamspour M · 2023
29
Dietary supplementation with a novel l-carnitine multi-micronutrient in idiopathic male subfertility involving oligo-, astheno-, teratozoospermia: A randomized clinical study
Kopets R, Kuibida I, Chernyavska I, Cherepanyn V, Mazo R, Fedevych V et al. · 2020
30
Effects of ingesting a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without synephrine for 8 weeks on training adaptations in resistance-trained males
Jung YP, Earnest CP, Koozehchian M, Cho M, Barringer N, Walker D et al. · 2017
31
The Impact of L-Arginine on Uterine Artery Resistance and Pregnancy Outcomes in Frozen Embryo Transfer for IVF Candidates with Recurrent Implantation Failure: A Clinical Trial
Fazli F, Khanlarzadeh E, Pilehvari S · 2025
32
L-arginine vs. L-glutamine oral suspensions for radiation-induced oral mucositis: a triple-blind randomized trial
Hassanein FEA, Mikhail C, Elkot S, Abou-Bakr A · 2025
33
l-Arginine and Beetroot Extract Supplementation in the Prevention of Sarcopenia
Córdova-Martínez A, Caballero-García A, Bello HJ, Pons-Biescas A, Noriega DC, Roche E · 2022
34
Efficacy of 8% arginine associated with low-level laser therapy in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: randomized double-blind clinical trial
Leal Barbosa V, Westenhofen D, Scherdien Silva P, Zimmer R, Rivera Oballe H, Quevedo Miguens Júnior SA et al. · 2026
35
Oral L-arginine supplementation in patients with mild arterial hypertension and its effect on plasma level of asymmetric dimethylarginine, L-citruline, L-arginine and antioxidant status
Jabecka A, Ast J, Bogdaski P, Drozdowski M, Pawlak-Lemaska K, Cielewicz AR et al. · 2012
36
Clinical Study to Evaluate the Possible Efficacy and Safety of L-Arginine in Children with Sickle Cell Disease and Increased Tricuspid Regurgitant Jet Velocity: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Gomaa DA, El-Haggar SM, El-Shanshory MR, El-Razaky O, El-Afify DR · 2025
37
Improvement of erectile function by a combination of French maritime pine bark and roburins with aminoacids
Stanislavov R, Rohdewald P · 2015
38
Sperm quality in men is improved by supplementation with a combination of L-arginine, L-citrullin, roburins and Pycnogenol®
Stanislavov R, Rohdewald P · 2014
39
Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on Physical Performance, Endothelial Function, and Persistent Fatigue in Adults with Long COVID: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Tosato M, Calvani R, Picca A, Ciciarello F, Galluzzo V, Coelho-Júnior HJ et al. · 2022
40
Effects of preoperative beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine supplementation on cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial
Ogawa M, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Yoshida N, Komaki K, Hirabayashi T, Wakida K et al. · 2025
41
Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Oral L-arginine for the Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Teotia S, Rana AK, Gupta V · 2026
42
Acute effects of l-arginine intake on heart rate variability after a submaximal exercise test in healthy men: randomized clinical trial
Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Gomes RL, Candeloro BM, Raimundo RD, Vanderlei LCM et al. · 2025
43
Effect of Perioperative Supplementation with Arginine and Omega-3 on Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery: A Pilot Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial
Sakhri S, Othman RB, Jerbi C, Ceylan Hİ, Naija L, Zemni I et al. · 2026
44
L-Arginine Supplementation Did Not Impact the Rapid Recovery of Cardiovascular and Autonomic Function Following Exercise in Physically Active Healthy Males: A Triple-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Ribeiro F, de Oliveira CM, Marques Vanderlei LC, Valenti VE · 2024
45
Isolated but not combined ergogenic effects of caffeine and L-arginine during an isokinetic knee extension
Zart S, Brachtendorf M, Becker S, Fröhlich M · 2023
46
Short-Term Effects of a Ready-to-Drink Pre-Workout Beverage on Exercise Performance and Recovery
Collins PB, Earnest CP, Dalton RL, Sowinski RJ, Grubic TJ, Favot CJ et al. · 2017
47
Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance
Jung YP, Earnest CP, Koozehchian M, Galvan E, Dalton R, Walker D et al. · 2017
48
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism
Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, Jung D, Lukacs Z, Jambrecina A et al. · 2008
49
L-arginine infusion dilates coronary vasculature in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery
Wallace AW, Ratcliffe MB, Galindez D, Kong JS · 1999
50
Effects of Beetroot Powder with or without L-Arginine on Postprandial Vascular Endothelial Function: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial with Abdominally Obese Men
Smeets ETHC, Mensink RP, Hoeks J, de Vogel-Van den Bosch J, Hageman RJJ, Joris PJ · 2020
51
Investigation of the effect of nitrate and L-arginine intake on aerobic, anaerobic performance, balance, agility, and recovery in elite taekwondo athletes
Kavcı Z, Ozan M, Buzdağlı Y, Savaş A, Uçar H · 2025
52
Eight Days of L-Citrulline or L-Arginine Supplementation Did Not Improve 200-m and 100-m Swimming Time Trials
Esen O, Eser MC, Abdioglu M, Benesova D, Gabrys T, Karayigit R · 2022
53
Comparing Diode Laser (660 nm) & 8% Arginine Toothpaste vs. Laser Alone for Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Genescia S, Shetty NJ · 2025
54
l-Citrulline supplementation improves O2 uptake kinetics and high-intensity exercise performance in humans
Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Lord T, Vanhatalo A, Winyard PG, Jones AM · 2015
55
The hypotensive effect of L-arginine is associated with increased expired nitric oxide in humans
Mehta S, Stewart DJ, Levy RD · 1996
56
Use of a hypercaloric and hyperprotein supplement enriched with immunonutrients in multi-pathological malnourished patients to improve the incidence and prevalence of pressure sores: A randomized controlled trial
Sánchez-Sánchez E, Díaz-Jiménez J, García-García A, Úbeda-Iglesias A, Muñoz-Tejada B, Martínez-Diegues J et al. · 2026
57
Effect of l-arginine compared to placebo on sexual function in women with major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Torkaman P, Meybodi AM, Kheradmand A, Eiliaei S, Ardakani MT · 2024
58
High intensity interval training and L-Arginine supplementation decrease interleukin-6 levels in adult trained males
Irandoust K, Hamzehloo A, Youzbashi L, Taheri M, Ben Saad H · 2022
59
Acute L-arginine alpha ketoglutarate supplementation fails to improve muscular performance in resistance trained and untrained men
Wax B, Kavazis AN, Webb HE, Brown SP · 2012
60
Effect of L-arginine or L-citrulline oral supplementation on blood pressure and right ventricular function in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction
Orozco-Gutiérrez JJ, Castillo-Martínez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Vázquez-Díaz O, Valdespino-Trejo A, Narváez-David R et al. · 2010
61
No arguments for increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in migraine based on peripheral biomarkers
Van der Schueren BJ, Verbrugge FH, Verbesselt R, Van Hecken A, Depré M, de Hoon JN · 2010
62
Effects of oral L-arginine on plasma nitrate and blood pressure in cortisol-treated humans
Kelly JJ, Williamson P, Martin A, Whitworth JA · 2001
63
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Fertilityblend: a nutritional supplement for improving fertility in women
Westphal LM, Polan ML, Trant AS · 2006
64
Nitric-Oxide-Inducing Factors on Vitamin D Changes in Older People Susceptible to Suffer from Sarcopenia
Córdova A, Caballero-García A, Noriega-González D, Bello HJ, Pons A, Roche E · 2022
65
The effect of L-arginine and citrulline on endothelial function in patients in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Orea-Tejeda A, Orozco-Gutiérrez JJ, Castillo-Martínez L, Keirns-Davies C, Montano-Hernández P, Vázquez-Díaz O et al. · 2010
66
A nutritional supplement for improving fertility in women: a pilot study
Westphal LM, Polan ML, Trant AS, Mooney SB · 2004
67
Effects of 7 days of arginine-alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation on blood flow, plasma L-arginine, nitric oxide metabolites, and asymmetric dimethyl arginine after resistance exercise
Willoughby DS, Boucher T, Reid J, Skelton G, Clark M · 2011
68
Short-term oral administration of L-arginine improves hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension
Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Oya H, Sato N, Sakamaki F, Kyotani S et al. · 2001
69
Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances high-intensity exercise tolerance
Bailey SJ, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, Blackwell JR, DiMenna FJ, Wilkerson DP et al. · 2010
70
Combining L-Arginine with vitamin C improves long-COVID symptoms: The LINCOLN Survey
Izzo R, Trimarco V, Mone P, Aloè T, Capra Marzani M, Diana A et al. · 2022
71
Urea Cycle Metabolites and Atrial Fibrillation or Heart Failure Risk: Two Case-Control Studies in the PREDIMED Trial
· 2021
72
The l-Arginine pathway may act as a mediator in the association between impaired one-carbon metabolism and hypertension
Ramos-Rodríguez C, Rojas-Gomez A, Santos-Calderón LA, Ceruelo S, Ríos L, Ueland PM et al. · 2025
73
Symmetric Dimethylarginine for Risk Stratification of Cardioembolic Stroke
Ernst J, Kaulbarsch IMAD, Jochmann SL, Gabriel MM, Schuppner R, Lichtinghagen R et al. · 2026
74
Circulating nitric oxide pathway metabolites in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a sex-stratified cross-sectional analysis
Dinges SM, Schwedhelm E, Baldassarri F, Haller B, Gevaert AB, Böger R et al. · 2026
75
Arginine-Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Cardiac Dysfunction in Patients With Breast Cancer
Finkelman BS, Putt M, Wang T, Wang L, Narayan H, Domchek S et al. · 2017
76
Glutaric acidemia type 1: Treatment and outcome of 168 patients over three decades
Strauss KA, Williams KB, Carson VJ, Poskitt L, Bowser LE, Young M et al. · 2020
77
THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE ORAL DOSE OF L-ARGININE ON QUADRICEPS STRENGTH IN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS: A NON-RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Radmilović G, Popović-Grle S, Matijević V · 2024
78
Implication of Low Plasma Arginine among Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU)
Hamad NA, Eltayeb LB, Yassin HM · 2024
79
The effect of immunonutritional support in patients undergoing surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for lung cancer
Kececi Ozgur G, Akcam TI, Dal SB, Tekneci AK, Gursoy P, Ergonul AG et al. · 2026
80
Preoperative Immunonutrition Significantly Reduced Surgical Site Infection After Urinary Diversion for Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Takeuchi H, Nakata W, Matsuse M, Tsujimura G, Tsujimoto Y, Tsujihata M et al. · 2024
81
Clinical study on the screening of biomarkers for Crohn's disease based on blood metabolomics
Lin T, Hu X, Yuan K, Li S, Lin P, Wang W et al. · 2026
82
Influence of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and ornithine concentrations on complications after renal transplant
Alexander JW, Goodman HR, Succop P, Light JA, Kuo PC, Moser AB et al. · 2008
83
Design of immediate release combination preparation containing alkalizer and lansoprazole for mechanistic understanding of enhanced gastric stability, pharmacokinetics, and intragastric pH variability in healthy human subjects
Hong IK, Nam DH, Jeong Y, Park JB, Park C, Lee BJ · 2026
84
Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Repurposing of Dipyridamole and L-Arginine for Treatment of Long COVID Endothelitis
Kulkarni C, Haase E, Esparza E, Blancke A, Sathyamoorthy M · 2026
85
Observational Study on the Effectiveness of L-Arginine Plus Vitamin C in the Management of Cancer-related Fatigue
Gebbia V, Scandurra G, Sambataro D, Valenza R, Aiello D, Fazio I et al. · 2026
86
Transient bradycardia during 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy: A clinically manageable phenomenon with increased risk in patients with cardiac enlargement
Yamada H, Yokoyama K, Tsuchiya J, Miura M, Katsuta E, Akahoshi K et al. · 2026
87
Arginine supplementation improves lactate dehydrogenase levels in steady-state sickle cell patients: preliminary findings from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo
Ngonde ACM, Lukanu PN, Mubiala A, Aloni MN · 2024
88
Improved insulin sensitivity and reproductive profile in overweight/obese PCOS patients undergoing integrative treatment with carnitines, L-arginine, L-cysteine and myo-inositol
Genazzani AD, Battipaglia C, Foschi M, Semprini E, Aio C, Spelta E et al. · 2025
89
Studies on the Reaction of Dietary Methylglyoxal and Creatine during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and in Human Volunteers
Treibmann S, Groß J, Pätzold S, Henle T · 2022
90
Advancing clinical insight into creatine transporter deficiency: long term outcome and new observations from the Italian cohort
Alessandrì MG, Bosetti C, Scaffei E, Casalini C, Balestrini S, Tramacere L et al. · 2026
91
Platelet-rich fibrin therapy for skin necrosis caused by intravenous extravasation of arginine hydrochloride: a case report and literature review
Zeng Q, Chen D, Liang X, Liu Y · 2026
92
Pravastatin and L-Arginine Use in Early-Onset Severely Growth-Restricted Dichorionic Twins: A Case Report
Herrera CA, Desai N, McAlister JP, Avdella A, Carlan SJ · 2025
93
Acute Management of Neurological Events in Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS) Syndrome: A Case Report
Aladashvili Z, Rodriguez TB, Izquierdo-Pretel G · 2025
94
Attenuation of chronic tension headache frequency and severity with daily L-arginine and aged garlic extract dietary supplementation
Chaliha D, Vaccarezza M, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo JC · 2022
95
Dyslipidemia is a metabolic hallmark of acute pain in sickle cell disease
Enders JD, Khalid Z, Blecking V, Ebert AD, Brandow AM, Stucky CL · 2026
96
Targeted serum metabolomics reveals alterations in amino acid and neurotransmitter pathways in Parkinson's disease
Yang J, Wu D, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Wang S et al. · 2026
97
A Rare Case of Isovaleric Acidemia With Hyperammonemia Caused by Compound Heterozygous IVD Variants: Clinical Features, Molecular Genetics, and Therapeutic Follow-Up
Deng Z, Wu G, Chen S, He H, Zhang Y, Luo X et al. · 2026
98
Retinal Capillary Density Reduction Contributes to Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy via an L-Arginine-NO Pathway: A Metabonomics and Clinical Trial Study
Tu Y, Yan C, Chen L, Liu W, Hu X, Gao M et al. · 2026
99
Multiomics analyses identify diet-derived creatine and α-linolenic acid linking with metastatic thyroid cancer
Yan H, Qin Q, Li Y, Yang L, Jiang M, Xin Y et al. · 2026
100
Association between dietary intake of protein and amino acids and sarcopenia: a cross-sectional study
Yuan W, Ao P, Ma Y, Ma Y, Song J, Wei S et al. · 2025
101
Sucralose Consumption Ablates Cancer Immunotherapy Response through Microbiome Disruption
Morder KM, Nguyen M, Wilfahrt DN, Dahmani ZL, Burr ABP, Xie B et al. · 2025
102
Arginine, glycine, and creatine supplementation improves symptoms in a female with creatine transporter deficiency
Tauer K, Theile C, Owens JW, Cecil KM, Shillington A · 2024
103
Crushing Muscles: A Case Study on Rhabdomyolysis, Renal Failure, and Compartment Syndrome Triggered by Pre-Workout Supplement Abuse
Altaf F, Bhatt V, Venkatram S, Diaz-Fuentes G · 2024
104
Quantitative, Targeted Analysis of Gut Microbiota Derived Metabolites Provides Novel Biomarkers of Early Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Balint L, Socaciu C, Socaciu AI, Vlad A, Gadalean F, Bob F et al. · 2023
105
Creatine Transporter Deficiency Presenting as Failure to Thrive: A Case Report of a Novel SLC6A8 Variant Causing a Treatable but Likely Underdiagnosed Genetic Disorder
Tise CG, Palma MJ, Cusmano-Ozog KP, Matalon DR · 2023
106
The Janus face of L-arginine supplementation in cardiovascular health and aging exploration of underlying mechanisms
Yang Z, Ming XF, Potenza DM · 2026
107
Perioperative Immunonutrition for Elective Surgery: Review of Mechanisms, Summary of Evidence, and Future Directions
Perez Arteaga L, Yeh DD · 2026
108
Perioperative Immunonutrition in Patients Undergoing Lung Cancer Surgery: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Werblińska A, Skrzypczak PJ, Roszak M, Bryl M, Piwkowski C, Gabryel P · 2026
109
A conceptual review of intracellular pH as a regulator of the adenosine-L-arginine-nitric oxide (ALANO) axis in human fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus
Fuentes G, Valero P, Cornejo M, Ramírez MA, Silva K, Sobrevia L · 2026
110
Multimechanistic actions of functional factors in enhancing physical strength and endurance: a scoping review of nutritional basis and natural extracts
Huang X, Zhu J, Zang P, Chen J, Chen P, Xu N et al. · 2026
111
Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Vascular Function: A Narrative Review
Katsanaki E, Georgiopoulos G, Thymis J, Pavlidis G, Katogiannis K, Nikolaou PE et al. · 2026
112
Urea cycle dysregulation and arginine pathways in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH (Review)
Zhu B, Wang C, Liu P, Qu Z, Qi R, Chen S et al. · 2026
113
Nutraceutical Strategies for Blood Pressure Control: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Implications
Vrcelj T, Buzjak Služek V, Ferenac Kiš M, Waisundara VY, Banjari I · 2026
114
Enteral Nutrition: What Happened to Immune-Enhancing Diets?
Rehani C, Pelekhaty S, Kozar RA · 2026
115
Impacts of conditionally essential amino acids, cysteine, and tyrosine on intestinal inflammation in celiac disease
Mahmoudi Ghehsareh M, Bakhtiari S, Asri N, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Jahani-Sherafat S, Masotti A et al. · 2025
116
[Antioxidants and micronutrients for the prevention and correction of reproductive dysfunction in men, the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of studies]
Korneyev I A · 2025
117
Targeted nutritional strategies in postoperative care
Ham HJ, Kim J · 2025
118
Herbal and Dietary Supplements as Adjunctive Treatment for Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Italy
Licata A, Seidita A, Como S, de Carlo G, Cammilleri M, Bonica R et al. · 2025
119
Immunonutrition in ERAS Protocol for Patients with Gynecologic Cancer: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Lygizos V, Haidopoulos D, Vlachos DE, Varthaliti A, Fanaki M, Daskalakis G et al. · 2025
120
Role of micronutrition in patients with oral cancer and nutritional intervention strategies
Fan Y, Feng Y, Liu W · 2025
121
Enhancing hip and knee arthroplasty outcomes with immunonutrition: A review of the evidence
Taylor K, Chijoke W, Howard Q, Messiha S, Hunt J, Diaz B et al. · 2025
122
Is L-Arginine an Appropriate Alternative for Conventional Anti-Atherosclerotic Therapy?: A Comprehensive Review
Mortezaei A, Ghorbani M, Hajikarimloo B, Sameer O, Kazemi T, Salavati E et al. · 2025
123
Exploring the therapeutic potential of L-arginine in chronic anal fissure management: a comprehensive review
Motamed-Gorji N, Masoodi M, Sikaroudi MK, Agah S, Masoodi N · 2025
124
The evidence for neonatal arginine supplementation - A narrative review
Callaghan F, Morgan C · 2025
125
Amino Acid Metabolism and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Anand SK, Governale TA, Zhang X, Razani B, Yurdagul A, Pattillo CB et al. · 2024
126
Current research and future prospects of immunonutrition in gastrointestinal malignancies
Ma X, Pei B, Wu N, Wang C, Yu Y, Yang W · 2024
127
Current Trend and Outcomes on Immunonutrition in Medical and Surgical Fields: An Updated Perspective
Koo TH, Leong XB, Zakaria AD · 2024
128
Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: The Protective Role of Antioxidants
Kaltsas A · 2023
129
Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review
Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, Jung YP, Kim H, Kim AJ et al. · 2023
130
A Critical Review on Vasoactive Nutrients for the Management of Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness in Individuals under Cardiovascular Risk
da Silva DVT, Baião DDS, Almeida CC, Paschoalin VMF · 2023
131
The management of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus unresponsive to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
Cayetano-Alcaraz AA, Tharakan T, Chen R, Sofikitis N, Minhas S · 2023
132
Nutraceuticals and Phytotherapy in Men's Health: Antioxidants, Pro-oxidants, and a Novel Opportunity for Lifestyle Changes
Moyad MA · 2022
133
A Hypothesis From Metabolomics Analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy: Arginine-Creatine Metabolic Pathway May Be a New Treatment Strategy for Diabetic Retinopathy
Sun Y, Kong L, Zhang AH, Han Y, Sun H, Yan GL et al. · 2022
134
Nitric Oxide Deficiency in Mitochondrial Disorders: The Utility of Arginine and Citrulline
Almannai M, El-Hattab AW · 2021
135
Role of Dietary Amino Acids and Nutrient Sensing System in Pregnancy Associated Disorders
Hussain T, Tan B, Murtaza G, Metwally E, Yang H, Kalhoro MS et al. · 2020
136
The Effects of Oral l-Arginine and l-Citrulline Supplementation on Blood Pressure
Khalaf D, Krüger M, Wehland M, Infanger M, Grimm D · 2019
137
Perspective: L-arginine and L-citrulline Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Potential Strategy to Improve Birth Outcomes in Low-Resource Settings
Weckman AM, McDonald CR, Baxter JB, Fawzi WW, Conroy AL, Kain KC · 2019
138
Immunonutrition in kidney and liver transplant recipients
Alexander JW · 2014

Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.