Knowledge · Natural Compounds

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium

Q: Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with gut Microbiome? What the studies show

We evaluated 3 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 66 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 5,196 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [20, 27, 31, 40]

Q: Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with blood Lipids and Cholesterol? What the studies show

We evaluated 10 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 46 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 4,100 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [5, 6, 7, 8]

Q: Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with blood Glucose and Insulin? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 50 controlled studies and 8 further studies; the controlled studies include 4,069 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [2, 4, 5, 8]

Q: Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with satiety and Body Weight? What the studies show

We evaluated 8 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 41 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,128 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [6, 8, 12, 13]

Q: Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with irritable Bowel Syndrome and Digestive Complaints? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 40 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,970 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [3, 20, 24, 35]

Q: Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with bowel Function and Stool Habits? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 32 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,356 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [3, 20, 24, 31]

Q: What are psyllium husks and how do they work?

Psyllium husks are the outer layer of the seeds of Plantago ovata and swell strongly in water. They count among the soluble, viscous fibres and form a gel-like mass in the intestine. In studies they were tested as whole or ground husks, as granules and as a stirred powder [50, 54, 58].

Q: What effects do studies in humans show on blood lipids and blood sugar?

In meta-analyses and controlled studies, psyllium husk lowered LDL cholesterol [7, 23, 42, 50, 53, 151], and in several cases also total cholesterol [7, 42, 151]. In meta-analyses, it also lowered fasting blood glucose and HbA1c [16, 23]. However, individual studies found no difference for individual lipid values [18, 55, 78, 144].

Q: Do fibre and psyllium husks help with weight loss?

The picture is mixed: meta-analyses on psyllium husks before meals and on isolated soluble fibres found weight loss [12, 26], a meta-analysis in diabetes did not [23].

Fibre and psyllium husks change the gut microbiome, blood lipids and blood sugar; weight and digestion improve only in part.

Last updated: 2026-10-15

We evaluated 234 human studies on Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, including 186 randomised controlled trials and 42 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 14,547 participants in total. As of 4 October 2026.

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1. What Is Dietary Fibre and Psyllium? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Dietary fibre is the part of plant foods that the human digestive tract does not break down. Psyllium husk is the outer layer of the seeds of Plantago ovata, a species in the plantain family; it swells strongly in water and forms a gel-like mass. Both are commonly used to support digestion and are added to foods.

Psyllium husk occurs in the seeds of Plantago ovata and is the swelling part of those seeds. Dietary fibre occurs in all plant foods, particularly in whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds.

The husks are obtained by separating the seeds of Plantago ovata from their coat and then milling the husks; the husks can also be used whole. Studies examine whole and milled husks, granules, powders stirred into liquid and foods fortified with them; for dietary fibre generally, isolated fibre powders and fibre-rich foods are also examined.

Forms and Preparations Studied

Psyllium husk, whole or milled
Whole psyllium seed with its coat
Psyllium granules and powders stirred into liquid
Foods and beverages fortified with psyllium husk
Fibre-rich plant foods such as whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruit
Isolated fibre powders such as inulin or resistant starch

Not covered on this page:

Probiotics, that is living microorganisms; they are not dietary fibre.
Digestive enzymes such as lactase; they are proteins and not dietary fibre.
Synthetic bulking and laxative agents; they do not come from plant foods.

2. What Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium Do? Results by Area

Area	Result in controlled studies	Strength of evidence	Studies	Participants
Gut Microbiome	mostly improved	high	3 meta-analyses · 66 controlled · 2 other	5,196
Blood Lipids and Cholesterol	mostly improved	high	10 meta-analyses · 46 controlled · 3 other	4,100
Blood Glucose and Insulin	mostly improved	high	5 meta-analyses · 50 controlled · 8 other	4,069
Satiety and Body Weight	mixed	high	8 meta-analyses · 41 controlled · 3 other	2,128
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Digestive Complaints	mixed	high	1 meta-analyses · 40 controlled · 5 other	2,970
Bowel Function and Stool Habits	mixed	high	1 meta-analyses · 32 controlled · 5 other	2,356
Tolerance and Adverse Effects	mixed	low	0 meta-analyses · 13 controlled · 19 other	1,417
Other investigations	mixed	high	10 meta-analyses · 99 controlled · 11 other	8,161

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium and Gut Microbiome: Human Studies

Several controlled studies showed that fibre changes the gut microbiome. The frequency of individual bacterial groups shifted, for example towards more bifidobacteria, Parabacteroides, Lachnospira or Faecalibacterium 69 83 100 112. Short-chain fatty acids increased with resistant starch, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin 100 108 210; other studies found more bacteria that form such fatty acids 76 105 200. Microbial functions and metabolic products in the stool also changed 133 139 197 204 217. The composition of the gut flora also changed with inulin-type fructans and resistant starch 147 204. This contrasts with results showing no difference: almonds changed neither the gut flora nor short-chain fatty acids in adults with anxiety or depressive symptoms 87. The findings come predominantly from isolated fibre powders such as inulin, resistant starch and fructo-oligosaccharides, as well as from fibre-rich foods such as oat bran. There are few microbiome studies on psyllium husk itself: in women with constipation, it changed the gut flora compared with placebo 230, but not in children with irritable bowel syndrome 77. The strength of evidence is high, but the studies are mostly small and short. Mixed preparations with probiotics or other additives do not allow conclusions about the individual fibre 20 27 45.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
20 Chalif et al. 2026	systematic review · 663 participants	Probiotic, prebiotic, or dietary fiber supplementation (heterogeneous formulations); vs. Control/placebo in included RCTs	Gut permeability and microbial composition: unclear
27 Wang et al. 2026	systematic review · 320 participants	synbiotics and low-protein high-fiber diet; vs. pooled analysis of 3 cross-sectional and 1 RCT study	SCFA-producing bacteria in CKD: worsened (P < 0.001)
31 Xi et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 187 participants	Dietary fiber supplements (form not reported); vs. Control without fiber supplementation	Fecal bifidobacteria concentration: improved (SMD = 5.142, 95% CI [3.716, 6.568], p = 0.000)
40 Ribeiro et al. 2024	systematic review	various prebiotics, mostly inulin-type fructans; 1 to 36 weeks; vs. randomized controlled trials	Bifidobacterium genus in gut microbiome: improved
41 Ojo et al. 2021	meta-analysis	Dietary fibre, form not specified; vs. Control group	Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium: improved (0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.89))
43 Song et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 802 participants	dietary fiber intervention, form not specified; 6 months; vs. usual care with patient education and dietary recommendations	microbiome-based clinical decision score (LightGBM): unclear
45 Zhang et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 478 participants	Probiotic and dietary fibre fermented milk (PFM); From first trimester until OGTT; vs. Intensive dietary and lifestyle (IDL) and standard care (SC)	Acidovorax abundance negatively associated with OGTT 0h glucose: unclear (p < 0.05)
56 Lai et al. 2023	randomised controlled · 250 participants	A polydextrose; B psyllium husk; C wheat bran+psyllium husk; D probiotics; placebo maltodextrin; 4 weeks; vs. placebo (maltodextrin), double-blinded randomized	Bifidobacterium abundance, group A vs placebo: improved (higher Bifidobacterium abundance than placebo at week 2 and 4); Anaerostipes trend, groups B and C: improved (increasing trends in groups B and C, associated with BMF increase)

Further studies in this area: 57 62 63 65 66 67 69 72 76 77 82 83 85 87 88 96 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 108 110 112 121 124 125 126 129 133 137 138 139 140 147 148 152 156 157 158 160 167 173 174 178 179 186 187 192 193 197 200 204 206 208 209 210 213 217 229 230

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, Blood Lipids and Cholesterol: Human Studies

For blood lipids and cholesterol, several controlled studies and meta-analyses showed improvements: in several studies psyllium husks lowered LDL cholesterol 7 23 42 53 151. In a meta-analysis, oats and isolated beta-glucan lowered total and LDL cholesterol 11. In a meta-analysis, inulin-type fructans lowered LDL cholesterol and triglycerides 6, as did low-dose arabinoxylan with regular intake 206, and alpha-cyclodextrin reduced small LDL particles 98. A meta-analysis on fibre supplements, a study with a beta-glucan tablet and one with psyllium husks found no difference in LDL cholesterol 18 55 144. Triglycerides remained unchanged with psyllium husks in several studies 7 53 151, HDL cholesterol remained the same 7 53 or fell slightly 151; sago starch changed no blood lipid value in type 2 diabetes 78. The findings are based on 46 controlled studies and 10 meta-analyses with around 4100 participants, predominantly on psyllium husks and oat beta-glucan; mixed preparations with further additives do not allow any statement about the individual fibre, and much remains open regarding dose, duration and long-term benefit.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
5 Juhász et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 2,685 participants	Soluble dietary fibers, including galactomannans and psyllium; vs. Another fiber type or no fiber	Triglycerides: improved (SUCRA: 82.77%); LDL cholesterol: improved (SUCRA: 86.56%); Cholesterol: improved (SUCRA: 84.59%)
6 Talukdar et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 2,518 participants	Inulin-type fructans (ITF) supplementation; at least 2 weeks; vs. placebo, control, foods, or diets	LDL cholesterol: improved (MD -0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.24, -0.05); triglycerides: improved (MD -0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01); other cardiovascular disease risk factors: no difference (little to no significant effect)
7 Gholami et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 2,049 participants	Psyllium supplementation; dose-response analysis, exact amounts not reported; duration-response analysis, exact duration not reported; vs. control groups of included RCTs	total cholesterol: improved (Weighted Mean Differences: -9.05; 95% Confidence Intervals: -13.71, -4.40; p-value < 0.05); LDL cholesterol: improved (Weighted Mean Differences: -8.55; 95% Confidence Intervals: -12.92, -4.19; p < 0.001); triglycerides: no difference (Weighted Mean Differences: -5.29; 95% Confidence Intervals: -12.14, 1.54; p-value > 0.05)
8 Xiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,804 participants	Dietary fiber supplementation of different specificities; 1.5 to 40 g/day; 3 to 16 weeks; vs. Placebo, without energy restriction	LDL cholesterol (intermediate specificity): worsened (9.03-mg/dL increase in LDL cholesterol)
10 Hartley et al. 2016	systematic review · 1,513 participants	Dietary fibre from various sources, supplements or fibre-rich foods; mostly ≤ 12 weeks; vs. no intervention or minimal intervention	Total cholesterol: improved (mean difference -0.23 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.06); LDL cholesterol: improved (mean difference -0.14 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.06); Triglycerides: no difference (mean difference 0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.05)
11 de et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 1,494 participants	Oats or isolated beta-glucan; at least two weeks; vs. placebo or control group	Total cholesterol (oats): improved (-0.61, 95%CI: -0.84;-0.39, p < 0.00001); Total cholesterol (oats, second analysis): improved (-0.70, 95%CI: -1.07;-0.34, p = 0.0002); LDL cholesterol (oats): improved (-0.51, 95%CI: -0.71;-0.31, p < 0.00001)
14 Jiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,140 participants	Intrinsic arabinoxylan-rich foods or isolated arabinoxylans/AXOS; vs. Control in randomized controlled trials	Total cholesterol (isolated AXOS): improved (MD: -0.14; 95 % CI: -0.27, -0.01; p = 0.03)
18 Ranneh et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 773 participants	Dietary fibre supplementation, form not specified; vs. Control group without fibre supplementation	HDL: no difference; LDL: no difference

Further studies in this area: 21 23 34 41 42 43 49 50 53 55 70 73 78 79 80 84 90 91 98 107 112 114 116 118 119 120 127 131 132 135 136 142 143 144 150 151 155 163 164 170 174 181 182 185 201 206 215 221 222 225 226

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, Blood Glucose and Insulin: Human Studies

In meta-analyses, psyllium husks lowered fasting blood sugar and HbA1c more than the control 16 23, in one of them also insulin resistance 16. In meta-analyses, isolated fibre supplements in overweight lowered fasting insulin and insulin resistance more than the control 8 12, in a subgroup also HbA1c 8. In healthy people, alpha-cyclodextrin slightly lowered fasting blood sugar and insulin resistance compared with placebo 98. In healthy people, oat products dampened the rise in blood sugar after a meal more than white rice 203; a fibre-rich cereal supplement in type 2 diabetes with fatty liver lowered HbA1c and fasting blood sugar more than the control 211. In type 2 diabetes, biscuits with psyllium husks lowered HbA1c and fasting blood sugar more than placebo biscuits 131, psyllium husks added to a moderately carbohydrate-containing diet lowered fasting insulin 162. A meta-analysis on psyllium husks 16 and a study with sago starch in type 2 diabetes, which also did not lower blood sugar and HbA1c, found no difference in fasting insulin 78. In overweight pregnant women, a fibre powder lowered the frequency of gestational diabetes compared with the control 84, in a second study it did not 83. The robustness is high, but the results apply in each case to the form and preparation studied — whole or ground husks, granules, stirred powder or enriched foods — and cannot be transferred between isolated powders and fibre-rich foods. Mixed preparations of several fibre types do not allow any statement about the individual substance 21 29.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
2 Colak et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 3,420 participants	Dietary fiber supplementation as single isolated fibers, fiber mixtures, or fiber-rich whole foods; 1 to 12 months; vs. Placebo	Fasting glucose: improved (-0.07 mmol/L (95 % CI: -0.12, -0.02; P = 0.0005; I2 = 54 %)); Fasting insulin: improved (-5.89 pmol/L (95 % CI -9.18, -2.60, P = 0.0004; I2 = 89 %)); HOMA-IR: improved (-0.38 (95 % CI: -0.68, -0.08; P < 0.00001; I2 = 94 %))
4 Oliveira et al. 2025	systematic review · 2,935 participants	Mediterranean diet high in fiber, MUFA and phenolics; at least 4 weeks; vs. usual diet or control	serum advanced glycation end product (AGE) concentrations: improved; skin autofluorescence levels: improved; gene expression of RAGE, AGER1 and glyoxalase I: improved
5 Juhász et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 2,685 participants	Soluble dietary fibers, including galactomannans and psyllium; vs. Another fiber type or no fiber	HbA1c: improved (SUCRA: 92.33%); Fasting blood glucose: improved (SUCRA: 85.92%); Fasting insulin: improved (SUCRA: 73.45%)
8 Xiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,804 participants	Dietary fiber supplementation of different specificities; 1.5 to 40 g/day; 3 to 16 weeks; vs. Placebo, without energy restriction	HbA1c: improved (reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.13%); Fasting insulin: improved (fasting insulin by 0.82 μIU/mL); HOMA-IR: improved (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) by 0.33)
12 Huwiler et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 1,428 participants	Isolated soluble dietary fibre supplements; at least 12 weeks; vs. Control group	Fasting blood insulin: improved; HOMA-IR: improved
14 Jiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,140 participants	Intrinsic arabinoxylan-rich foods or isolated arabinoxylans/AXOS; vs. Control in randomized controlled trials	Fasting blood glucose: improved (SMD: -0.44; 95 % CI: -0.75, -0.13; p = 0.005); Fasting blood glucose in overweight/obesity: improved (SMD: -0.25; 95 % CI: -0.48, -0.03; p = 0.03); Fasting blood glucose (isolated AXOS): improved (SMD: -0.19; 95 % CI: -0.36, -0.02; p = 0.03)
16 Gholami et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 962 participants	Psyllium; Subgroups: less and more than 10 g/day; Subgroups: less than 50 days and longer; vs. Placebo	Fasting blood sugar: improved (WMD: -6.89; 95% CI: -10.62, -3.16; p < .001); HbA1c: improved (WMD: -0.75; 95% CI: -1.21, -0.29; p < .001); HOMA IR: improved (WMD: -1.17; 95% CI: -2.11, -0.23; p < .05)
21 Hebbar et al. 2026	systematic review · 641 participants	Dietary fiber of various types and sources (whole grains, legumes, flaxseed, composite flour); 5-50 g/day; 1 to 6 months; vs. randomized controlled trials, control groups not further described	Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and related indices): improved (significantly improved); Fasting glucose: improved (notable improvements); HbA1c: improved (notable improvements)

Further studies in this area: 23 28 29 32 33 43 45 49 62 67 68 73 78 79 83 84 85 91 94 98 105 108 112 113 114 116 119 123 127 131 135 137 142 150 159 162 165 167 172 175 181 185 189 190 194 196 198 199 201 202 203 205 211 214 215

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, Satiety and Body Weight: Human Studies

For satiety and body weight, a mixed picture emerges. Several meta-analyses found an improvement in body weight and BMI from isolated soluble fibre powders, including inulin-type fructans from chicory root 6 8 12 13. Psyllium husk also improved weight, BMI and waist circumference in a meta-analysis 26. A meta-analysis with chicory inulin-type fructans found an improvement in body composition 13, a randomised controlled trial with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides did likewise 108, and one randomised controlled trial each with konjac glucomannan and with oligofructose-enriched inulin found a more favourable fat distribution 155 209. These stand in contrast to findings with no difference: meta-analyses on psyllium husk in diabetes and on quinoa found no difference in weight and BMI 23 28, and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides none in body weight 108. The strength of evidence is high, but the results apply only to the form and preparation studied in each case; isolated powders, psyllium husk and enriched foods are not interchangeable. Mixed preparations of several fibres or with probiotics do not allow any statement about the individual substance 21 74.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
6 Talukdar et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 2,518 participants	Inulin-type fructans (ITF) supplementation; at least 2 weeks; vs. placebo, control, foods, or diets	body weight: improved (MD -0.97 kg, 95% CI: -1.28, -0.66)
8 Xiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,804 participants	Dietary fiber supplementation of different specificities; 1.5 to 40 g/day; 3 to 16 weeks; vs. Placebo, without energy restriction	Body weight (intermediate specificity): improved (2.85-kg decrease in body weight)
12 Huwiler et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 1,428 participants	Isolated soluble dietary fibre supplements; at least 12 weeks; vs. Control group	Body weight: improved (MD -1.25 kg, 95% CI -2.24, -0.25); BMI: improved; Waist circumference: improved
13 Reimer et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 1,184 participants	Chicory inulin-type fructans (ITF); Subgroup analysis for >8 weeks; vs. Placebo	Body weight: improved (MD: -0.97 kg; 95% CI: -1.34, -0.59); Body mass index: improved (MD: -0.39 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.20); Fat mass: improved (MD: -0.37 kg; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.13)
15 de et al. 2026	systematic review · 1,085 participants	Dietary fibers categorized by structure (dextrins, β-glucans, mannans, others); mostly acute interventions (71%); vs. control groups of included RCTs	satiety when GLP-1 increased: no difference (OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 0.87-9.98); satiety with dextrins: improved (5 positive studies); satiety with β-glucans: improved
21 Hebbar et al. 2026	systematic review · 641 participants	Dietary fiber of various types and sources (whole grains, legumes, flaxseed, composite flour); 5-50 g/day; 1 to 6 months; vs. randomized controlled trials, control groups not further described	Body weight: improved (notable improvements)
23 Xiao et al. 2020	meta-analysis · 395 participants	Psyllium; vs. Control (placebo/usual care)	Weight: no difference; Body mass index: no difference
26 Gibb et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 354 participants	Psyllium (psyllium husk), gel-forming fiber; mean dose 10.8 g/day, just before meals; mean duration 4.8 months; vs. control groups of included randomized trials	body weight: improved (MD = -2.1 kg [95% CI: -2.6 to -1.6]; p < .001); body mass index: improved (MD = -0.8 kg/m 2 [95% CI: -1.0 to -0.6]; p < .001); waist circumference: improved (MD = -2.2 cm [95% CI: -2.9 to -1.4]; p < .001)

Further studies in this area: 28 29 41 45 65 74 78 83 84 90 94 108 112 114 118 126 131 132 137 142 150 155 159 162 163 167 171 172 174 181 189 190 194 195 199 202 205 206 209 211 213 214 221 228

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Digestive Complaints: Human Studies

Psyllium husk reduced the severity of irritable bowel syndrome more than placebo, in adults in general practices 54 as well as in children 219; in children the number of pain episodes also fell 77. In children with functional abdominal pain, psyllium husk relieved the pain and improved quality of life more than placebo 75; in adults with irritable bowel syndrome, quality of life did not differ from placebo 54. In chronic constipation, bloating improved with kiwis, but not with psyllium husk 95; inulin relieved abdominal complaints in functional constipation more than placebo 160. A randomised controlled trial with psyllium husk in addition to a proton pump inhibitor showed better symptom resolution in laryngopharyngeal reflux 44. A meta-analysis on inflammatory bowel diseases reports better remission rates in ulcerative colitis with certain fibres, but no difference for Plantago ovata in maintaining remission 35. The strength of evidence is overall high, but the form matters: in the study from general practices, bran did not reduce severity, and in the bran group the most participants dropped out because of worsened complaints 54. It remains open which preparation and dose work best for which complaints; mixed preparations with probiotics or laxatives do not allow conclusions about individual fibres.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Xu et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 3,005 participants	Non-pharmacological interventions incl. dietary fiber; partly >4 weeks; vs. conventional treatment	Symptom score (eight indicators): improved (p < 0.05)
20 Chalif et al. 2026	systematic review · 663 participants	Probiotic, prebiotic, or dietary fiber supplementation (heterogeneous formulations); vs. Control/placebo in included RCTs	Postoperative bowel recovery and complications: improved
24 Petticrew et al. 1997	systematic review · 367 participants	laxatives of bulk, osmotic, stimulant and faecal softener classes, including psyllium; vs. single agent versus placebo and one laxative versus another	abdominal pain: unclear
35 Limketkai et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Prebiotics including Plantago ovata, inulin, FOS, lactulose, oat bran; vs. Placebo or lower-dose control	Clinical remission in ulcerative colitis (induction): improved (relative risk, 2.75, 95% confidence interval, 1.05-7.20); Clinical remission in ulcerative colitis (induction), OF-IN and lactulose: no difference; Maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis, germinated barley foodstuff: improved (relative risk, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-1.03)
36 Ashoorion et al. 2025	systematic review	Mediterranean diet, rich in fibers; vs. high vs. low adherence to Mediterranean diet	likelihood of functional dyspepsia: improved (AR:151 fewer, 95%CI: 74 to 203 fewer in 1,000)
40 Ribeiro et al. 2024	systematic review	various prebiotics, mostly inulin-type fructans; 1 to 36 weeks; vs. randomized controlled trials	inflammatory conditions overall: improved
44 Rana et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 505 participants	psyllium husk as adjunct to PPI; 16 weeks; vs. PPI monotherapy and PPI plus prokinetics	symptom resolution rate: improved (82%); mean RSI reduction: improved (9.70 ± 1.50); mean RFS reduction: improved (5.00 ± 0.95)
47 Peng et al. 2019	randomised controlled · 412 participants	high-fiber DASH diet vs. low-fiber Western diet; 32 g fiber/d (DASH) vs. 11 g/d (control); sodium 50, 100, 150 mmol/d; three 30-day periods with 5-day breaks between; vs. low-fiber Western control diet; three sodium levels in crossover	risk of bloating on high-fiber DASH diet: worsened (risk ratio = 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.22-1.64; P < 0.001); risk of bloating with high sodium intake: worsened (risk ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.52; P = 0.01)

Further studies in this area: 54 71 75 77 87 89 93 95 96 102 103 109 113 114 122 126 128 129 134 140 141 146 148 152 160 166 168 178 179 180 187 191 206 213 216 218 219 224

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, Bowel Function and Stool Habits: Human Studies

Psyllium husk reduced the number of episodes in faecal incontinence more than placebo 58 and worked similarly to loperamide 93. In type 2 diabetes with chronic constipation, biscuits with psyllium husk relieved the constipation complaints 131, and inulin increased stool frequency in functional constipation more than placebo 160. A meta-analysis in older people with constipation found no difference in stool frequency, but less use of laxatives and enemas 31. In healthy people, fibre-rich foods improved gut-related quality of life 76. It remains open which preparation form and dose work most reliably in which patient group; the studies were partly small and short.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Xu et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 3,005 participants	Non-pharmacological interventions incl. dietary fiber; partly >4 weeks; vs. conventional treatment	Efficacy of constipation treatment: improved (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.21, p < 0.00001); Bristol stool scale: improved (SMD = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.14-1.60, p = 0.02); CSBM scale: improved (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI = -0.52-0.12, p = 0.03)
20 Chalif et al. 2026	systematic review · 663 participants	Probiotic, prebiotic, or dietary fiber supplementation (heterogeneous formulations); vs. Control/placebo in included RCTs	Incidence and severity of radiation-induced diarrhea: improved (P<.05); Stool consistency: improved; Antidiarrheal use: improved (P<.05)
24 Petticrew et al. 1997	systematic review · 367 participants	laxatives of bulk, osmotic, stimulant and faecal softener classes, including psyllium; vs. single agent versus placebo and one laxative versus another	bowel movements per week, symptom improvement, stool consistency: unclear
31 Xi et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 187 participants	Dietary fiber supplements (form not reported); vs. Control without fiber supplementation	Stool frequency: no difference (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI [-0.488, 0.988], p = 0.507); Frequency of laxative or enema use: improved (SMD = -1.224, 95% CI [-1.786, -0.662], p = 0.000)
49 Shen et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 376 participants	High-fiber diet plus daily soluble fiber supplement; until delivery; vs. intervention group vs. control (standard care)	need for constipation medication: improved
56 Lai et al. 2023	randomised controlled · 250 participants	A polydextrose; B psyllium husk; C wheat bran+psyllium husk; D probiotics; placebo maltodextrin; 4 weeks; vs. placebo (maltodextrin), double-blinded randomized	bowel movement frequency (BMF): no difference (No time-by-group effect was observed for bowel movement frequency (BMF)); Bristol stool scale score (BSS): improved (mean increases of 0.95-1.05 in group A to D (all P < 0.05)); Bristol stool scale score (BSS), placebo: no difference (P = 0.170)
58 Bliss et al. 2014	randomised controlled · 189 participants	Psyllium vs. carboxymethylcellulose, gum arabic, placebo; 16 g total fiber/day; 32 days after 14-day baseline; vs. Placebo and other fiber types	Fecal incontinence episodes per week: improved (2.5 for Psyllium); Fecal incontinence episodes per week: worsened (6.2 for CMC)
69 Perreau et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 124 participants	Resistant dextrin (NUTRIOSE® soluble fiber) vs. placebo (maltodextrin); 15 g/day; 4 weeks; vs. Placebo (maltodextrin)	Stool consistency and frequency: no difference (p > 0.05)

Further studies in this area: 76 77 81 86 87 89 93 95 106 111 113 122 130 131 134 137 141 146 160 168 179 180 183 216 218 223 227 230 232 233

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium, Tolerance and Adverse Effects: Human Studies

The tolerability of fibres and psyllium husk was examined in 13 controlled studies with a total of 1417 participants, but the results are mixed and the strength of evidence is low. Individual studies reported abdominal distension, bloating and discomfort with psyllium husk 144 or more side effects than with kiwis 95. With beta-glucan tablets, one of three dose groups had gastrointestinal complaints more often than placebo 55, and a fibre-rich DASH diet increased the risk of bloating 47. With mixed preparations of several fibres or with further additives such as probiotics, PPI or colestipol, the effect of the individual substance cannot be derived 3 35. It remains open how tolerability behaves with longer administration and with different dosages, since many studies were short and small.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Xu et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 3,005 participants	Non-pharmacological interventions incl. dietary fiber; partly >4 weeks; vs. conventional treatment	Adverse events (RR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.74, p = 0.006)
10 Hartley et al. 2016	systematic review · 1,513 participants	Dietary fibre from various sources, supplements or fibre-rich foods; mostly ≤ 12 weeks; vs. no intervention or minimal intervention	Adverse events
20 Chalif et al. 2026	systematic review · 663 participants	Probiotic, prebiotic, or dietary fiber supplementation (heterogeneous formulations); vs. Control/placebo in included RCTs	Adverse events
35 Limketkai et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Prebiotics including Plantago ovata, inulin, FOS, lactulose, oat bran; vs. Placebo or lower-dose control	Adverse events
44 Rana et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 505 participants	psyllium husk as adjunct to PPI; 16 weeks; vs. PPI monotherapy and PPI plus prokinetics	adherence rate: improved (85%)
49 Shen et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 376 participants	High-fiber diet plus daily soluble fiber supplement; until delivery; vs. intervention group vs. control (standard care)	safety of long-term soluble fiber supplementation
50 MacMahon et al. 1998	randomised controlled · 340 participants	Ispaghula husk; 7.0 or 10.5 g/day; 12 weeks treatment, some further 12 weeks; 8-week diet period; vs. Placebo plus dietary advice	tolerability (well tolerated)
54 Bijkerk et al. 2009	randomised controlled · 275 participants	10 g psyllium vs. 10 g bran vs. 10 g placebo (rice flour); 10 g daily; 12 weeks; vs. Placebo (rice flour) and bran (insoluble fibre)	Completion of the 3-month treatment period: unclear (Fifty four (64%) of the patients allocated to psyllium, 54 (56%) in the bran group, and 56 (60%) in the placebo group)

Further studies in this area: 55 58 70 73 74 81 87 90 93 95 98 105 107 135 144 157 163 164 182 184 212 214 216 224

Dietary Fibre and Psyllium: Further Outcomes in Studies

Several controlled studies found improvements in inflammatory markers, for instance in IL-6 through psyllium husk in obese adolescents and in hs-CRP through inulin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome 80 97. In a controlled study, Parkinson's symptoms improved with resistant starch 100. In chronic kidney disease, resistant starch lowered indoxyl sulfate and blood urea nitrogen in a meta-analysis 25. In a meta-analysis, psyllium husk lowered systolic blood pressure, more so with a higher baseline value 22; resistant starch lowered it slightly in women with metabolic risks, but increased body fat and triglycerides 174. A prebiotic fibre did not change lipopolysaccharide-binding protein overall in healthy young adults, but lowered it in a subgroup with an elevated baseline value 188. In type 2 diabetes with fatty liver, the fibrosis index FIB-4 fell with a fibre-rich cereal supplement 211. Inulin improved quality of life in functional constipation 160 and in rheumatoid arthritis lowered CRP, disease activity and the number of swollen joints more than the control 115. In women with migraine, inulin reduced the severity, duration and frequency of attacks as well as depressive symptoms more than placebo 92. Other studies with psyllium husk found no difference from the control in intestinal permeability 77 and quality of life 58. The robustness is overall high, but many studies were small, short and examined different forms, dosages and populations; mixed preparations do not allow conclusions about individual fibres.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
1 Shi et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 10,262 participants	Blueberry combined with dietary fiber (one of 24 strategies); vs. Standard controls	Cesarean section rate in high-risk pregnant women: improved (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.90; SUCRA = 97.8%)
8 Xiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,804 participants	Dietary fiber supplementation of different specificities; 1.5 to 40 g/day; 3 to 16 weeks; vs. Placebo, without energy restriction	Systolic blood pressure (mixed subgroup): worsened (increase in systolic blood pressure by 3.85 mmHg)
9 Nada et al. 2026	systematic review · 1,615 participants	Mediterranean diet (plant-based, fiber-rich); vs. lower vs. higher MedDiet adherence or control	inflammatory markers (CRP): improved; disease activity: improved; quality of life: improved
10 Hartley et al. 2016	systematic review · 1,513 participants	Dietary fibre from various sources, supplements or fibre-rich foods; mostly ≤ 12 weeks; vs. no intervention or minimal intervention	Diastolic blood pressure: improved (mean difference -1.77 mmHg, 95% CI -2.61 to -0.92); Systolic blood pressure: unclear (mean difference -1.92 mmHg, 95% CI -4.02 to 0.19)
14 Jiang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,140 participants	Intrinsic arabinoxylan-rich foods or isolated arabinoxylans/AXOS; vs. Control in randomized controlled trials	Systolic blood pressure: improved (MD: -2.86; 95 % CI: -5.45, -0.27; p = 0.03); Lymphocyte count (isolated AXOS): improved (MD: 3.52; 95 % CI: 0.75, 6.29; p = 0.01)
15 de et al. 2026	systematic review · 1,085 participants	Dietary fibers categorized by structure (dextrins, β-glucans, mannans, others); mostly acute interventions (71%); vs. control groups of included RCTs	GLP-1 secretion with dextrins: improved (4 positive studies); GLP-1 secretion with mannans: improved
17 Gholami et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 802 participants	Psyllium; dose-response analysis, exact amounts not reported; duration-response analysis, exact duration not reported; vs. control groups of included RCTs	Systolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -2.24; 95% CI: -3.13, -1.35; p < .05); Diastolic blood pressure: no difference (WMD: 0.04; 95% CI: -0.52, 0.61; p > .05)
18 Ranneh et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 773 participants	Dietary fibre supplementation, form not specified; vs. Control group without fibre supplementation	Serum lipopolysaccharide: improved (p < 0.00001, I2 = 97%); TNF-α: improved (p < 0.02, I2 = 90%); IL-10: improved (p < 0.02, I2 = 85%)

Further studies in this area: 19 22 25 27 29 30 37 38 39 41 43 46 48 51 52 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 66 67 68 69 71 76 77 79 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 90 92 93 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 106 109 110 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 124 126 127 129 133 136 138 140 142 143 145 146 147 149 150 153 154 155 158 160 161 166 169 171 174 176 177 179 184 185 186 187 188 190 194 197 202 205 206 207 209 211 213 215 220 222 224 225 231 232 233

4. How Is Dietary Fibre and Psyllium Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The studies tested psyllium husks as whole or ground husks, as granules and as a stirred powder, as well as foods enriched with psyllium husks 50 53 54 58 95. In addition came isolated fibres such as inulin, resistant starch, beta-glucan and fructo-oligosaccharides 11 62 100 108 as well as fibre-rich foods such as oats, avocado, almonds or a fibre-rich DASH diet 34 47 87 203. The forms and preparations tested are not interchangeable; the table shows the doses.

Preparation or form	Dose	Duration	Study
dietary fiber intervention, form not specified	—	6 months	43
psyllium husk as adjunct to PPI	—	16 weeks	44
Probiotic and dietary fibre fermented milk (PFM)	—	From first trimester until OGTT	45
calcium-enriched permeate with inulin (CP-Inu) vs. CP, calcium carbonate, placebo	800 mg calcium daily in 2 doses; inulin amount not reported; 20 µg vitamin D daily	12 months	46
high-fiber DASH diet vs. low-fiber Western diet	32 g fiber/d (DASH) vs. 11 g/d (control); sodium 50, 100, 150 mmol/d	three 30-day periods with 5-day breaks between	47
GOS/inulin prebiotic versus placebo (maltodextrin)	daily, amount not reported	from 20 weeks' gestation until delivery; follow-up to 1 year	48
High-fiber diet plus daily soluble fiber supplement	—	until delivery	49
Ispaghula husk	7.0 or 10.5 g/day	12 weeks treatment, some further 12 weeks; 8-week diet period	50
DASH diet or FV diet (fruit- and vegetable-rich)	—	8 weeks of monitored feeding	51
Free medically tailored groceries high in dietary fibre	—	12-week intervention, follow-up to 12 months	52
Foods containing psyllium seed husk (PSH)	0, 3.4, 6.8, or 10.2 g PSH/d	24 weeks	53
10 g psyllium vs. 10 g bran vs. 10 g placebo (rice flour)	10 g daily	12 weeks	54
β-glucan tablet, high-medium molecular weight	1.5, 3 or 6 g/day	12 weeks	55
A polydextrose; B psyllium husk; C wheat bran+psyllium husk; D probiotics; placebo maltodextrin	—	4 weeks	56
Prebiotic blend of inulin and oligofructose	—	3 months	57

5. Is Dietary Fibre and Psyllium Safe? Side Effects in Studies

Psyllium husks were well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in people with elevated cholesterol 50; in faecal incontinence, constipation occurred less often with them than with loperamide 93. Other studies found no differences in intestinal complaints, intolerance or adverse events 58 87 98. The evidence on tolerability is low, and little is known about longer-term use and different dosages.

Study	Reported side effects
3 Xu et al. 2025	Adverse events less frequent than control (RR 0.35)
7 Gholami et al. 2025	not reported
10 Hartley et al. 2016	mostly mild to moderate gastrointestinal side-effects, more frequent in fibre groups
17 Gholami et al. 2024	not reported
20 Chalif et al. 2026	Adverse events infrequent, no major safety concerns identified
22 Clark et al. 2020	no reported side effects
25 Zhang et al. 2024	not reported in abstract
27 Wang et al. 2026	high-fiber diet safe in non-dialysis patients
31 Xi et al. 2025	Adverse events assessed, results not reported
35 Limketkai et al. 2025	Flatulence and bloating more common with OF-IN; otherwise similar to controls
44 Rana et al. 2025	favourable safety profile, no details reported
46 Tetens et al. 2026	not reported

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

Many studies were small and short, so long-term effects on the microbiome, blood lipids and blood sugar remain open.
Only few microbiome data are available on psyllium husks themselves; most microbiome findings come from isolated fibre powders.
Results on isolated fibre powders cannot be transferred to fibre-rich foods and vice versa.
Mixed preparations of several fibres or with probiotics, PPI or colestipol do not allow any statement about the individual fibre.
It remains open which preparation form and dose works most reliably for which complaints and patient groups.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About Dietary Fibre and Psyllium

Fibre and psyllium husks are well-studied plant substances with predominantly favourable findings in humans. The findings apply in each case only to the form and preparation studied, and mixed preparations do not allow conclusions about individual fibres.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has Dietary Fibre and Psyllium been studied in humans?

Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with gut Microbiome? What the studies show

We evaluated 3 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 66 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 5,196 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 20 27 31 40

Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with blood Lipids and Cholesterol? What the studies show

We evaluated 10 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 46 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 4,100 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 5 6 7 8

Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with blood Glucose and Insulin? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 50 controlled studies and 8 further studies; the controlled studies include 4,069 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 2 4 5 8

Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with satiety and Body Weight? What the studies show

We evaluated 8 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 41 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,128 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 6 8 12 13

Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with irritable Bowel Syndrome and Digestive Complaints? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 40 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,970 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 3 20 24 35

Does Dietary Fibre and Psyllium help with bowel Function and Stool Habits? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 32 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,356 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 3 20 24 31

What are psyllium husks and how do they work?

Psyllium husks are the outer layer of the seeds of Plantago ovata and swell strongly in water. They count among the soluble, viscous fibres and form a gel-like mass in the intestine. In studies they were tested as whole or ground husks, as granules and as a stirred powder 50 54 58.

What effects do studies in humans show on blood lipids and blood sugar?

In meta-analyses and controlled studies, psyllium husk lowered LDL cholesterol 7 23 42 50 53 151, and in several cases also total cholesterol 7 42 151. In meta-analyses, it also lowered fasting blood glucose and HbA1c 16 23. However, individual studies found no difference for individual lipid values 18 55 78 144.

Do fibre and psyllium husks help with weight loss?

The picture is mixed: meta-analyses on psyllium husks before meals and on isolated soluble fibres found weight loss 12 26, a meta-analysis in diabetes did not 23.

How does fibre affect the gut microbiome?

The findings come predominantly from isolated fibre powders such as inulin and resistant starch as well as from fibre-rich foods such as oat bran. On psyllium husks themselves there are few microbiome studies: in women with constipation they changed the gut flora compared with placebo 230, in children with irritable bowel syndrome they did not 77.

What side effects are known?

One study reported bloating, abdominal distension and discomfort with psyllium husk 144, another reported more side effects than with kiwis 95; little is known about longer-term use.

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Enrichment of Hamburger Meatballs With Psyllium: Effects on Postprandial Lipidemia, Glycemia, Appetite, and Food Intake in a Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
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182
A psyllium-enriched cereal for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children: a controlled, double-blind, crossover study
Davidson MH, Dugan LD, Burns JH, Sugimoto D, Story K, Drennan K · 1996
183
Investigation and Management of Stool Frequency and Consistency Associated With SGLT1 Inhibition by Reducing Dietary Carbohydrate: A Randomized Trial
He Y, Schofield J, Mahling P, Mendonza AE, Hinder M · 2020
184
Impact of dietary counseling on Mediterranean diet principles on dietary fiber intake and serum uremic toxins in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study
Pajk K, Bremec N, Kuzmanovski A, Lindič J, Pajek J, Knap B · 2025
185
Effect of whole grain pancakes on postprandial cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy subjects: A randomized crossover trial
Ma Q, Sun T, Liu Z, Li D, Hu X · 2026
186
The effects of inorganic nitrate and inulin co-ingestion on circulating metabolites and blood pressure in young adults: a pilot double-blind randomised crossover trial
Virgili J, Le Gall G, Vanhatalo A, Bond B, Vauzour D, Torquati L · 2025
187
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of soluble corn fiber supplementation for children with asthma
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188
A low-dose prebiotic fiber supplement reduces lipopolysaccharide-binding protein concentrations in a subgroup of young, healthy adults consuming low-fiber diets
Romo EZ, Hong BV, Agus JK, Jin Y, Kang JW, Zivkovic AM · 2025
189
Cocoa-carob blend acute intake modifies miRNAs related to insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomised controlled nutritional trial
Villalva M, García-Díez E, López de Las Hazas MDC, Lo Iacono O, Vicente-Díez JI, García-Cabrera S et al. · 2025
190
Jaboticaba peel intake improved cognitive performance, inflammatory response, and appetite regulation in healthy adults: a randomized clinical crossover trial
Batista AG, Zanzer YC, Marostica Junior MR, Östman EM · 2025
191
Psyllium reduces inulin-induced colonic gas production in IBS: MRI and in vitro fermentation studies
Gunn D, Abbas Z, Harris HC, Major G, Hoad C, Gowland P et al. · 2022
192
Mode of Action of Psyllium in Reducing Gas Production from Inulin and its Interaction with Colonic Microbiota: A 24-hour, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Healthy Human Volunteers
Alhasani AT, Modasia AA, Anodiyil M, Corsetti M, Aliyu AI, Crooks C et al. · 2025
193
Metabolomic Signatures Highlight Fiber-Degrading Bacteroides Species in Mediterranean Diet Response Among Ulcerative Colitis
Haskey N, Ye J, Josephson J, Raman M, Ghosh S, Gibson DL · 2025
194
Impact of a mineral enriched, fiber complex on glycaemic response and satiation in healthy adults: a double-blind, crossover intervention study
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195
Ad Libitum Energy Intake Differences Between a Plant-Based, Low-Fat and an Animal-Based, Low-Carbohydrate Diet: An Inpatient Randomized Crossover Study
Gallagher I, Boring J, Courville A, Guo J, Howard R, Milley L et al. · 2020
196
Chestnut flour-enriched bread reduces postprandial glycaemic response in healthy adults: a randomised, controlled crossover study
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197
Effect of dietary fiber on trimethylamine-N-oxide production after beef consumption and on gut microbiota: MEATMARK - a randomized cross-over study
Haas M, Brandl B, Neuhaus K, Wudy S, Kleigrewe K, Hauner H et al. · 2025
198
Sugar-Free Dark Chocolate Consumption Results in Lower Blood Glucose in Adults With Diabetes
Oliveira B, Falkenhain K, Little JP · 2022
199
Physiological Advantages of a Fiber-Enriched Plant-Based Dessert: Improved Glycemic Control and Appetite Regulation over a Commercial Dairy Product
Pereira MTL, de Aquino AC, Porro C, Frota Gaban SV · 2026
200
Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Whole Encapsulated Brown Seaweed (Himanthalia elongata) in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Lopez-Santamarina A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Mondragon ADC, Cepeda A, Rodriguez JA, Miranda JM · 2025
201
The impact of an acute high polyphenol, high fiber meal with and without aerobic exercise on metabolism in middle-aged and older adults: A pilot study
Ater LJ, Plantz EK, Manning TD, Akers JD, Edwards ES, Kurti SP · 2025
202
The effect of a two-week low glycaemic index, higher fibre diet versus high glycaemic index diet on body composition, ectopic lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, gastrointestinal hormones and gut microbiota in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): A pilot randomized cross-over study
Al-Awadi AA, Grove JI, Bawden S, Vijay A, Valdes AM, Gowland P et al. · 2026
203
Acute and Second-Meal Effects of Oat Products on Postprandial Glucose Responses in Healthy Japanese Adults: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study
Sasaki H, Matsumoto Y, Masutomi H, Ishihara K, Hirao K, Shibata S et al. · 2026
204
Resistant starch types 2 and 4 induce distinct and reversible changes in the human gut microbiome
Piperni E, Blanco-Míguez A, Mengoni C, Piccinno G, Punčochář M, Ren J et al. · 2026
205
Effect of Inulin-Type Fructans on Body Composition, Carbohydrate Metabolism and Energy Expenditure in Patients with Psoriasis: Results of INGUTSKIN Randomized Controlled Trial
Bieglecka K, Kęszycka PK, Czerwińska J, Pastuszak K, Lange E, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A et al. · 2026
206
Supplementation with Arabinoxylan Dietary Fiber at Low Doses Produces Behavioral, Metabolic, and Gut Microbial Changes in Healthy, Overweight Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Arreza AC, Wang J, Girard S, Foley KA, Baisley J, Recker S et al. · 2026
207
Use of a hypercaloric and hyperprotein supplement enriched with immunonutrients in multi-pathological malnourished patients to improve the incidence and prevalence of pressure sores: A randomized controlled trial
Sánchez-Sánchez E, Díaz-Jiménez J, García-García A, Úbeda-Iglesias A, Muñoz-Tejada B, Martínez-Diegues J et al. · 2026
208
RE: Effects of a high-fiber, high-fruit, and high-vegetable, low-fat dietary intervention on the rectal tissue microbiome
Ifham Hanif M, Sholihah MM · 2025
209
Effects of combined prebiotic fiber supplementation and weight loss counseling in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized controlled trial
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210
Short-chain fatty acid kinetics and concentrations are higher after inulin supplementation in young and older adults: a randomized trial
Kirschner SK, Engelen MP, Haas P, Bischoff SC, Deutz NE · 2025
211
Impact of a high dietary fiber cereal meal intervention on the progression of liver fibrosis in T2DM with MASLD
Chen XS, Liu HZ, Huang F, Meng J, Fang JX, Han Y et al. · 2025
212
Tolerance of high fibre supplementation among participants in a randomised trial to reduce cancer risk among Alaska Native peoples: Alaska FIRST
Koller KR, Wilson AS, Eberhart BL, Day GM, Lee FR, Perez MR et al. · 2025
213
Mechanistic insights into microbiome-dependent and personalized responses to dietary fibre in a randomized controlled trial
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214
Increase in colonic PRopionate as a method of prEVENTing weight gain over 12 months in adults aged 20-40 years (iPREVENT): a multi-centre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trial
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215
Comparison of the Effect of Fenugreek and Metformin on Clinical and Metabolic Status of Cases with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Trial
Mirgaloybayat S, Akbari Sene A, Jayervand F, Vazirian M, Mohazzab A, Kazerooni M · 2024
216
A randomized cross-over trial of prebiotics and probiotics in multiple sclerosis: Trial feasibility, supplement tolerability and symptom abatement
Straus Farber R, Walker EL, Diallo F, Onomichi K, Riley C, Zhang L et al. · 2024
217
Enhancing gut microbiota and microbial function with inulin supplementation in children with obesity
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218
Consumption of 2 Green Kiwifruits Daily Improves Constipation and Abdominal Comfort-Results of an International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
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219
Efficacy of Oral Psyllium in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial
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220
Cancer Prevention with Resistant Starch in Lynch Syndrome Patients in the CAPP2-Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial: Planned 10-Year Follow-up
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221
Beyond “Counting Macros”: Are Common Fad Diets Nutritionally Adequate? An Examination of Their Micronutrient Content
Malik N, Tonstad S, Haddad E · 2020
222
Two apples a day lower serum cholesterol and improve cardiometabolic biomarkers in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial
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223
Demonstration of differences in colonic volumes, transit, chyme consistency, and response to psyllium between healthy and constipated subjects using magnetic resonance imaging
Major G, Murray K, Singh G, Nowak A, Hoad CL, Marciani L et al. · 2018
224
A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of synbiotic versus probiotic or prebiotic treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis
Fujimori S, Gudis K, Mitsui K, Seo T, Yonezawa M, Tanaka S et al. · 2009
225
Effects of grape antioxidant dietary fiber in cardiovascular disease risk factors
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226
Effect of time of administration on cholesterol-lowering by psyllium: a randomized cross-over study in normocholesterolemic or slightly hypercholesterolemic subjects
Van Rosendaal GM, Shaffer EA, Edwards AL, Brant R · 2004
227
Effect of an oral bulking agent and a rectal laxative administered alone or in combination for the treatment of constipation
Bouchoucha M, Faye A, Savarieau B, Arsac M · 2004
228
Four-week supplementation with a natural dietary compound produces favorable changes in body composition
Hoeger WW, Harris C, Long EM, Hopkins DR · 1998
229
Detection of changes in regional colonic fermentation in response to supplementing a low FODMAP diet with dietary fibres by hydrogen concentrations, but not by luminal pH
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230
The effects of psyllium husk on gut microbiota composition and function in chronically constipated women of reproductive age using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis
Yang C, Liu S, Li H, Bai X, Shan S, Gao P et al. · 2021
231
A cross-sectional analysis of baseline diet quality among participants enrolled in delicious eating for life in the southern homes weight loss randomized trial
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232
Diarrhea in tube-fed hospitalized patients: Feeding formula is not the most common cause
Sripongpun P, Lertpipopmetha K, Chamroonkul N, Kongkamol C · 2021
233
Effect of psyllium husk on low anterior resection syndrome after rectal cancer surgery-a pilot prospective cohort study
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Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.