DEEN
Knowledge · Natural Compounds

Magnesium

Magnesium is a mineral for energy, muscles, nerves and the heart; human studies show effects mainly in diabetes, blood pressure, stress and migraine.

Last updated:

We evaluated 288 human studies on Magnesium, including 141 randomised controlled trials and 69 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 16,263 participants in total. As of 3 October 2026.

This page as PDF · Summary

1. What Is Magnesium? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Magnesium is a mineral the body needs for several hundred enzymes, among them those for energy production, muscle and nerve function and heart rhythm. About half of the body's magnesium is stored in the bones, only a very small part in the blood.

Good sources are whole grains, pulses, nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables and some mineral waters.

Supplements contain magnesium as a salt, such as citrate, oxide, glycinate (bisglycinate), aspartate, chloride, carbonate or L-threonate. The salts differ in magnesium content and in how well they are absorbed and tolerated.

Forms and Preparations Studied

  • Magnesium salts taken by mouth (citrate, oxide, glycinate, aspartate, chloride, L-threonate)
  • Magnesium-rich mineral water
  • Topical magnesium (oil, bath)
  • Combination products with magnesium – the other ingredients are named in each case

Not covered on this page:

  • Intravenous or injected magnesium sulfate in hospital and anaesthesia (pre-eclampsia, asthma attacks, anaesthesia, heart surgery)
  • Magnesium as a laxative for bowel preparation and as an antacid

2. What Does Magnesium Do? Results by Area

AreaResult in controlled studiesStrength of evidenceStudiesParticipants
Blood sugar and metabolismmostly improvedhigh19 meta-analyses · 37 controlled · 21 other3,101
Blood pressure, heart and blood vesselsmixedhigh19 meta-analyses · 31 controlled · 24 other8,093
Stress, anxiety and moodmostly improvedhigh2 meta-analyses · 28 controlled · 8 other1,331
Sleepmixedhigh4 meta-analyses · 19 controlled · 4 other1,214
Bonesmostly no differencehigh2 meta-analyses · 5 controlled · 2 other332
Muscles and muscle crampsmixedmoderate1 meta-analyses · 15 controlled · 2 other1,041
Headache and migrainereviews onlylow3 meta-analyses · 0 controlled · 4 other0
Pregnancymostly improvedlow1 meta-analyses · 1 controlled · 1 other36
Other outcomesmostly improvedhigh19 meta-analyses · 119 controlled · 53 other6,935

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

Magnesium, Blood Sugar and Metabolism: Human Studies

In type 2 diabetes, oral magnesium salts lowered fasting glucose more than control in two meta-analyses, and HbA1c significantly in only one of them 1011. In two further meta-analyses, insulin resistance and fasting glucose also fell 1238. In prediabetes, insulin resistance and blood sugar two hours after drinking a sugar solution improved, but not fasting glucose 25. Two meta-analyses that combined magnesium with chromium, zinc, selenium, calcium or vitamins found lower fasting glucose and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes 1861. The share of magnesium in this cannot be separated. Mainly oral magnesium salts such as oxide, citrate and chloride as well as individual combination preparations were studied; the results depend on salt form, daily amount and baseline magnesium status.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
9 Yang et al. 2025meta-analysis · 1,600 participantsCombination of calcium, chromium, selenium and magnesium; vs. Placebo or control (RCTs)Fasting plasma glucose: no difference; HOMA-IR: no difference; Lipid metabolic markers: no difference
10 Maqrashi et al. 2025meta-analysis · 1,345 participantsMagnesium supplements (salt not specified); vs. Placebo or controlSerum magnesium: improved (WMD = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.32 to 1.06); Fasting blood glucose: improved (WMD = -0.58, 95% CI: -0.87 to -0.28); Glycated haemoglobin: no difference (WMD = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.32 to 0.00)
11 Xu et al. 2022meta-analysis · 1,325 participantsmagnesium supplementation (formulations analyzed in subgroups); average optimal: 279 mg/d, 429 mg/d, 300 mg/d; 116 d, 88 d, 120 d per outcome; vs. control group without magnesium (24 RCTs)fasting plasma glucose: improved (-0.20 mM (95% CI: -0.30, -0.09)); glycated hemoglobin: improved (-0.22% (95% CI: -0.41, -0.03))
12 Zhao et al. 2020meta-analysis · 1,168 participantsDietary magnesium intake or magnesium supplements; per 100 mg increment in daily magnesium intake; vs. lowest vs. highest magnesium intake; supplementation vs. controlType 2 diabetes risk, highest vs. lowest magnesium intake: improved (22% lower risk); Type 2 diabetes risk per 100 mg increment in daily magnesium intake: improved (reduced by 6%); Fasting plasma glucose: improved (SMD, -0.32 [95% CI, -0.59 to -0.05])
13 Amiri et al. 2026meta-analysis · 1,085 participantsOral magnesium supplements (salt form not stated); Subgroups: > 250 and ≤ 250 mg/day; Subgroups: under or over 12 weeks; vs. PlaceboInsulin levels: no difference (MD = - 1.73; 95% CI: -3.73 to 0.27; p-value = 0.09); HOMA-IR: no difference (MD = - 0.74; 95% CI: -1.58 to 0.09; p-value = 0.08); HbA1c: no difference
18 Ye et al. 2026meta-analysis · 618 participantsMineral supplements: magnesium, chromium, zinc, selenium, chromium picolinate; vs. PlaceboFasting blood glucose: improved (SMD = − 0.34, p < 0.001); Fasting insulin: improved (SMD = − 0.72, p < 0.001); HOMA-IR: improved (SMD = − 0.75, p < 0.001)
20 Deng et al. 2025meta-analysis · 509 participantsMagnesium plus vitamin D or vitamin E; vs. Control group (placebo/no co-supplementation)serum triglyceride: no difference (MD = 1.84, 95% CI: -28.92, 32.60, p = 0.91); serum LDL-c: no difference (MD: -4.56, 95% CI: -14.19, 5.08, p = 0.35); serum HDL-c: no difference (MD: 1.96, 95% CI: -3.07, 6.98, p = 0.45)
21 Heidari et al. 2022meta-analysis · 504 participantsVitamin E alone or with omega-3 or magnesium; vs. PlaceboSerum triglycerides: improved (- 18.27 mg/dL, 95% CI - 34.68 to - 1.87); VLDL cholesterol: improved (- 5.88 mg/dL, 95% CI - 8.08 to - 3.68); LDL cholesterol: improved (- 12.84 mg/dL, 95% CI - 22.15 to - 3.52)

Further studies in this area: 22 25 26 32 34 38 43 50 52 53 55 56 57 58 59 61 63 67 71 72 74 76 81 82 91 93 100 101 109 112 115 116 120 121 132 133 135 137 138 145 147 148 150 154 159 169 175 180 181 183 193 203 204 211 220 224 227 230 233 236 247 257 258 259 260 261 267 269 275

Magnesium, Blood Pressure, Heart and Blood Vessels: Human Studies

Oral magnesium salts showed a blood pressure reduction in several controlled studies, especially in people with hypertension, diabetes or magnesium deficiency 3710111219. In kidney patients, the wall thickness of the carotid artery decreased in two meta-analyses 2229. The vasodilatory function improved in one meta-analysis 30, but not in another meta-analysis and a small randomized trial 62198. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease was not slowed by magnesium in either a meta-analysis or a randomized controlled trial over twelve months 2287. New-onset atrial fibrillation was not prevented by magnesium in a meta-analysis 6, and premature atrial contractions remained unchanged in a small randomized trial 138. A systematic review of randomized trials counts magnesium among the micronutrients with moderate to good evidence for lower cardiovascular risk factors 1. The forms studied were oral magnesium salts – citrate, oxide, glycinate (also bisglycinate), aspartate, chloride and L-threonate – as well as combination preparations. Even with normal blood pressure, magnesium alone lowered systolic blood pressure in one meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials 49, while in another the reduction there was not confirmed 7. A complex of trans-resveratrol and magnesium hydroxide with D-chiro- and myo-inositol did not change blood pressure in overweight pregnant women 93. A mineral salt of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium ammonium potassium chloride instead of table salt lowered systolic blood pressure more than normal salt in a controlled study 145. The results depend on form, salt and daily amount, and many studies were small or of short duration.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
1 An et al. 2022systematic review · 883,627 participantsMicronutrient supplements, including magnesium; vs. Placebo or control in randomized trialsCardiovascular risk factors: improved
3 Alharran et al. 2024meta-analysis · 8,610 participantsOral magnesium supplements; ≥400 mg/day in subgroup analysis; ≥12 weeks in subgroup analysis; vs. Control (placebo) in included RCTsSystolic blood pressure: improved (ES = -1.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -1.98, -0.51, P = 0.001); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (ES = -1.40 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.04, -0.75, P = 0.000); Systolic blood pressure at ≥400 mg/day: improved (ES for SBP = -6.38 mmHg)
6 Curran et al. 2023meta-analysis · 4,713 participantsMagnesium (salt not specified); vs. PlaceboNew-onset atrial fibrillation: no difference (OR 0.72, [95% CI 0.48 to 1.09])
7 Argeros et al. 2025meta-analysis · 2,709 participantsOral magnesium supplements (salt form not stated); 82.3–637 mg elemental magnesium, median 365 mg; Median 12 weeks (at least 4 weeks); vs. PlaceboSystolic blood pressure: improved (-2.81 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.32 to -1.29)); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (-2.05 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.23 to -0.88)); Systolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals on medication: improved (-7.68 mm Hg)
10 Maqrashi et al. 2025meta-analysis · 1,345 participantsMagnesium supplements (salt not specified); vs. Placebo or controlDiastolic blood pressure: improved; Lipid profile: unclear
11 Xu et al. 2022meta-analysis · 1,325 participantsmagnesium supplementation (formulations analyzed in subgroups); average optimal: 279 mg/d, 429 mg/d, 300 mg/d; 116 d, 88 d, 120 d per outcome; vs. control group without magnesium (24 RCTs)systolic blood pressure: improved (-7.69 mmHg (95% CI: -11.71, -3.66)); diastolic blood pressure: improved (-2.71 mmHg (95% CI: -4.02, -1.40))
12 Zhao et al. 2020meta-analysis · 1,168 participantsDietary magnesium intake or magnesium supplements; per 100 mg increment in daily magnesium intake; vs. lowest vs. highest magnesium intake; supplementation vs. controlSystolic blood pressure: improved; Diastolic blood pressure: improved
19 Dibaba et al. 2017meta-analysis · 543 participantsOral magnesium supplements (salt form not specified); 365 to 450 mg elemental magnesium per day; 1 to 6 months (mean 3.6 months); vs. Control group (placebo or usual care)Systolic blood pressure: improved (SMD: -0.20; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.03); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (SMD: -0.27; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.03)

Further studies in this area: 21 22 25 29 30 38 48 49 56 58 60 62 67 70 82 84 87 93 105 109 115 119 138 139 140 142 145 147 149 150 156 159 160 167 179 183 193 197 198 199 203 204 207 219 225 226 227 229 235 237 244 248 249 250 255 259 260 262 269 273 279 280 281 282 283 287

Magnesium, Stress, Anxiety and Mood: Human Studies

In depression, magnesium lowered depression scores more than control, in one meta-analysis 28 and in three randomized controlled trials 134143206. No difference from control was found in a study in overweight women with mild to moderate depression 96. A systematic review also found an improvement in self-reported anxiety, although the studies were inconsistent and magnesium was sometimes combined with up to three other potentially active ingredients 51. Mainly oral magnesium salts such as citrate, oxide, glycinate, aspartate, chloride and L-threonate were studied, sometimes combined with vitamin B6 75 or vitamin D 96. The robustness is considered high, but the studies are often small and differ in salt, dose and population; long-term studies are still pending.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
14 Urata et al. 2025systematic review · 1,049 participantsMagnesium chloride (among other agents); vs. Placebo or antidepressantsImprovement in depressive symptoms: improved
28 Moabedi et al. 2023meta-analysis · 325 participantsOral magnesium supplements; vs. PlaceboDepression scores: improved (SMD: -0.919, 95% CI: -1.443 to -0.396, p = 0.001)
51 Rawji et al. 2024systematic reviewOral magnesium supplements, forms and dosages heterogeneous; heterogeneous across studies; vs. no uniform comparator; interventional trialsself-reported anxiety (e.g. Hamilton Anxiety Scale): improved (Five out of seven studies measuring anxiety-related outcomes reported improvements in self-reported anxiety)
75 Noah et al. 2020randomised controlled · 264 participantsoral magnesium 300 mg alone or with vitamin B6 30 mg; 300 mg magnesium, optionally plus 30 mg vitamin B6; 8 weeks; vs. magnesium alone vs. magnesium plus vitamin B6stress level (DASS scale): no difference
86 Schuster et al. 2025randomised controlled · 155 participantsMagnesium bisglycinate capsules vs. placebo; 250 mg elemental magnesium daily; up to Week 4 (multiple time points); vs. Placebo capsulesother psychological outcomes: no difference (No significant differences)
94 Ni et al. 2023randomised controlled · 109 participantsOral magnesium-L-threonate; 12 weeks; vs. PlaceboGAD-7: no difference; PHQ-9: no difference
96 Abiri et al. 2022randomised controlled · 108 participants250 mg magnesium tablet, optionally plus 50000 IU vitamin D weekly; 250 mg magnesium daily; 50000 IU vitamin D weekly; 8 weeks; vs. placebo (magnesium and/or vitamin D placebo)depression score (BDI-II): no difference (No significant differences in BDI-II score were shown among the 4 groups); serum BDNF levels: improved (significant differences between the 4 groups in ... BDNF levels)
122 Hemamy et al. 2021randomised controlled · 66 participantsvitamin D plus magnesium; vitamin D 50,000 IU/week, magnesium 6 mg/kg/day; 8 weeks; vs. placeboemotional problems: improved (p = 0.001)

Further studies in this area: 123 125 127 131 134 143 148 152 153 158 160 177 179 185 187 190 191 192 194 206 210 212 213 223 231 238 260 263 268 270

Magnesium and Sleep: Human Studies

In adults with sleep problems, participants in two randomized controlled trials slept better than with placebo: with magnesium L-threonate, more deep and REM sleep 185; in the other, longer and deeper 160. A systematic review reports better sleep quality with magnesium oxide and vitamin B6 in restless legs syndrome 23. In fibromyalgia, sleep quality improved with magnesium plus coenzyme Q10 and tryptophan; the summary does not mention a comparison with placebo for this 108. In contrast, one randomized controlled trial each found no difference in sleep quality for nocturnal leg cramps 107 and for polycystic ovary syndrome 126. Oral magnesium salts and magnesium-rich diets as well as combination products were studied; the evidence is high, but different salts, daily amounts and comparison conditions remain open.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
4 Arab et al. 2023systematic review · 7,582 participantsMagnesium via diet or supplementation; vs. low magnesium intake or placeboSleep quality (daytime falling asleep, sleepiness, snoring, sleep duration): improved; Sleep disorders in randomized trials: unclear
23 González-Parejo et al. 2024systematic review · 482 participantsMagnesium oxide and vitamin B6; vs. other supplements or controlSleep quality: improved (significantly improved)
35 Mah et al. 2021systematic review · 151 participantsOral magnesium supplementation; less than 1 g, up to three times a day; vs. PlaceboSleep onset latency: improved (17.36 min less (95% CI - 27.27 to - 7.44, p = 0.0006)); Total sleep time: no difference (improved by 16.06 min)
36 Lopresti et al. 2026systematic reviewOral magnesium as the only active intervention; Elemental doses varied substantially; Treatment durations varied substantially; vs. Randomized controlled trials, narratively synthesizedSubjective sleep outcomes: unclear; EEG, actigraphy and wearable-derived estimates: unclear; Treatment for insomnia: no difference
51 Rawji et al. 2024systematic reviewOral magnesium supplements, forms and dosages heterogeneous; heterogeneous across studies; vs. no uniform comparator; interventional trialssleep parameters (e.g. PSQI): improved (Five out of eight sleep-related studies reported improvements in sleep parameters); sleep parameters: no difference (two studies reported no improvements); sleep parameters: unclear (one reported mixed results)
69 Meolie et al. 2005systematic reviewMagnesium (one of many products reviewed); vs. Placebo or controlEfficacy as hypnotic: unclear
73 Khalid et al. 2024randomised controlled · 290 participantsTablets: placebo, magnesium, potassium, magnesium+potassium; 2 months; vs. placebo (T1) vs. Mg (T2), K (T3), Mg+K (T4)Insomnia Severity Index: improved (p = 0.0001); Serum cortisol: improved (p = 0.001); Serum melatonin: improved
79 Barna et al. 2021randomised controlled · 216 participantsMagnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), capsule; 226 mg once daily at bedtime; 60 days; vs. Placebo, double-blind, randomized, multicenterSleep quality: improved (p < 0.001)

Further studies in this area: 86 94 107 108 112 126 148 153 160 179 185 187 189 190 191 192 210 259 271

Magnesium and Bones: Human Studies

In chronic kidney disease, magnesium lowered parathyroid hormone and calcium levels in two meta-analyses, partly via more magnesium in the dialysate, partly as an oral intake 2229. In diabetic nephropathy, magnesium citrate lowered the bone turnover marker osteocalcin more than the control in a randomized controlled trial 132. Magnesium oxide did not reliably change the bone resorption marker TRAP in another study 140. For bone density, there is a randomized controlled trial in which both groups received calcium, magnesium and calcitriol; the benefit there was due to red clover extract with probiotics 117.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
22 Zhan et al. 2023meta-analysis · 496 participantsOral magnesium supplementation or increased dialysate magnesium concentration; vs. Control groups without magnesium supplementationCalcium levels: improved (SMD=-0.43, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.11, p = 0.008); Parathyroid hormone levels: improved (SMD=-0.43, 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.11, p = 0.008)
29 Guo et al. 2022meta-analysis · 309 participantsMagnesium supplementation, oral or via dialysate; various intervention durations (subgroup analysis); vs. control without magnesium supplementationserum PTH: improved (WMD = -236.56; 95% CI -349.71 to -123.41); serum calcium (oral administration): improved (WMD = -0.50; 95% CI -0.77 to -0.23); serum phosphate: no difference (WMD = -0.25; 95% CI -0.64 to 0.14)
116 Dall et al. 2023randomised controlled · 78 participants1000 IU vitamin D3 plus 360 mg magnesium glycinate; 360 mg magnesium glycinate daily; 12 weeks; vs. vitamin D alone and placeboserum total osteocalcin: no difference (P > .05 for all); bone-specific alkaline phosphatase: no difference (β = 0.004, P = .986); C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide: no difference (β = 0.426, P = .057)
117 Lambert et al. 2017randomised controlled · 78 participantsred clover extract plus probiotics, with calcium, magnesium, calcitriol; 60 mg isoflavone aglycones/d, magnesium 550 mg/d, calcium 1200 mg/d, calcitriol 25 µg/d; 12 months; vs. masked placebo with same calcium, magnesium and calcitriolbone mineral density L2-L4 lumbar spine: improved (-0.99% and -2.2%); bone mineral density femoral neck: improved (-1.04% and -3.05%); bone mineral density trochanter: improved (-0.67% and -2.79)
128 Eftekhari et al. 2014randomised controlled · 64 participants250 mg magnesium oxide alone or with vitex agnus castus; 250 mg magnesium oxide per day; 8 weeks; vs. placebo or vitex aloneserum alkaline phosphatase: no difference; serum osteocalcin: improved; serum VEGF: no difference
132 Halawa et al. 2023randomised controlled · 60 participantsoral magnesium citrate plus standard regimen; 2.25 g/day; 12 weeks; vs. standard regimen alone (control group)serum osteocalcin: improved (p = 0.001)
140 Alonso et al. 2020randomised controlled · 52 participantsOral magnesium oxide 400 mg magnesium/day vs. placebo; 400 mg magnesium/day; 10 weeks; vs. Placebo, double-blind, 1:1 randomizedTartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5: no difference (-0.187, (-0.328, -0.045), p = 0.011)
231 Zhang et al. 2022cohort study · 392 participantsdietary magnesium (with calcium, potassium, phosphorus); 24 months; vs. higher vs. lower magnesium intakeknee joint structures: no difference

Further studies in this area: 260

Magnesium, Muscles and Muscle Cramps: Human Studies

In nocturnal leg cramps, magnesium oxide monohydrate reduced the frequency and duration of episodes more than placebo in a randomized controlled trial 79. In leg cramps, a meta-analysis found no difference, nor did two randomized controlled trials with magnesium citrate and magnesium hydrochloride 278890. In calf cramps, a randomized controlled trial with magnesium oxide found no reduction in number, severity and duration 107. Muscle soreness improved in two controlled trials with an unspecified magnesium salt 216220, while a randomized controlled trial with magnesium gel showed no difference 157. Muscle strength did not differ from the control in three controlled trials: after magnesium gel, after one week of intake before downhill running, and in COPD with magnesium citrate 157220141. In neck pain with trigger points, pain, neck impairment and muscle activity improved with magnesium sulfate iontophoresis, but dry needling was superior in all measures 130. In sarcopenia risk, a controlled trial with a combination product of hydroxy-methyl-butyrate, carnosine, butyrate, lactoferrin and magnesium improved the skeletal muscle index and muscle function 137. Calf cramps, muscle soreness and muscle strength show predominantly mixed results with moderate evidence. Mainly oral magnesium salts (oxide, citrate, hydrochloride) and topical forms (gel, iontophoresis) were studied, along with some combination products. Statements on dose, duration and transferability to other magnesium forms remain open; the combination products do not allow the effect to be attributed to magnesium alone.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
27 Liu et al. 2021meta-analysis · 332 participantsoral magnesium supplementation; vs. control groupfrequency of leg cramps after treatment: no difference (WMD = -0.47, 95% CI: -1.14-0.20, P = 0.167); recovery from leg cramps: no difference (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.14-1.52, P = 0.207)
79 Barna et al. 2021randomised controlled · 216 participantsMagnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), capsule; 226 mg once daily at bedtime; 60 days; vs. Placebo, double-blind, randomized, multicenterFrequency of NLC episodes: improved (- 3.4 vs - 2.6); Duration of NLC episodes: improved (p < 0.007)
88 Araújo et al. 2020randomised controlled · 132 participantsoral magnesium citrate (Mg++) versus placebo; 300 mg/day; 4 weeks; vs. placebofrequency of leg cramp episodes per week: no difference (OR 1.3 (CI 95%: 0.6-2.9), p = 0.527); reduction of leg cramps after 4 weeks: no difference (27.2% (18/66) (CI 95%: 17.0-39.6) in Mg++ group and 32.8% (21/66) (CI 95%: 21.6-45.7) in the placebo group); mean leg cramp episodes per week among women with remaining cramps: no difference (p = 0.408)
90 Kuusipalo et al. 2026randomised controlled · 121 participantsMagnesium hydrochloride tablets; 4 weeks of use, assessment at week 8; vs. Placebo pills and medical compression stockingsWeekly leg cramp frequency: no difference (-0.20 (95% CI -1.49 to 1.09; P = 0.929))
99 Gáti et al. 2018randomised controlled · 105 participantsThermal mineral water with calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate; 3 weeks, 15 sessions, 9-week follow-up; vs. Usual musculoskeletal pain killer treatmentLow back pain at rest (VAS): improved (p < 0.001); Low back pain during activity (VAS): improved (p < 0.001); Back pain questionnaire (Oswestry): improved (p < 0.001)
107 Roguin et al. 2017randomised controlled · 94 participantsCapsules containing magnesium oxide or placebo; once daily at bedtime; 4 weeks of treatment after 2 weeks screening; vs. placebo, double-blindmean number of nocturnal leg cramps per week: no difference (0.38 (0.48) NLC per week (P = .67)); severity of nocturnal leg cramps: no difference; duration of nocturnal leg cramps: no difference
113 Polo-Ferrero et al. 2025randomised controlled · 80 participantsDietary magnesium (nutrient intake via food frequency questionnaire); 32 weeks; vs. High-speed resistance training vs. multicomponent trainingFive Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS): improved (p < 0.001); Correlation of low magnesium with worse 5STS performance (H-RT): worsened (r_p = -0.48)
130 Abu et al. 2026randomised controlled · 60 participantsmagnesium sulfate iontophoresis; twice weekly for 4 weeks; vs. dry needling and stretching alone (control)pressure pain threshold (PPT): improved (MD 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-1.95; p < 0.001); neck disability (ANDI): improved (MD -2.60, 95% CI -4.50 to -0.70; p = 0.004); pain intensity (VAS): improved (MD -2.0, 95% CI -2.84 to -1.36; p < 0.01)

Further studies in this area: 137 141 153 157 182 215 216 220 231 259

Magnesium, Headache and Migraine: Human Studies

A meta-analysis found fewer migraine attacks, lower severity and fewer migraine days with magnesium than with control 42. A systematic review rates magnesium as possibly effective for migraine prevention 66. Another review sees evidence that magnesium, like carnitine, riboflavin, niacin, CoQ10, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and alpha-lipoic acid, can prevent and relieve migraine 65. The evidence is low because controlled individual studies on migraine are missing in this evaluation; oral magnesium salts, including magnesium dicitrate, were studied. Questions about dose, salt form and duration of intake remain open.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
5 Morel et al. 2021systematic review · 5,447 participantsMagnesium (Mg), salt not specified; vs. Placebo or control in the included RCTsPain intensity and analgesics consumption in migraine: unclear
42 Talandashti et al. 2025meta-analysisDietary supplements, including magnesium; vs. Placebo or control groupMigraine attacks (frequency): improved (MD = -2.51); Migraine severity: improved (MD = -0.88); Monthly migraine days: improved (MD = -1.66)
65 Nattagh-Eshtivani et al. 2018systematic reviewnutritional supplements with magnesium and other nutrients; vs. randomized controlled trialsprophylactic and therapeutic effects on migraine: improved
66 von et al. 2018systematic reviewMagnesium dicitrate; 600 mg; vs. PlaceboNumber of migraine attacks: improved (significant reduction of the number of migraine attacks compared with placebo); Primary efficacy parameters: improved (statistically significant reduction of the primary efficacy parameters compared with placebo)
234 Takle et al. 2026cohort study · 182 participantsMagnesium (salt not specified); vs. Patients with headache resolution vs. those without resolutionHeadache resolution (magnesium administration in resolved vs. nonresolved group): unclear (P = .086)
245 Karatoprak et al. 2025case seriesMagnesium oxide; 6-9 mg/kg/day or 365 mg/day; four months; vs. no control group, before-afterHeadache frequency: improved (p<0.001); Migraine-related disability (PedMIDAS): improved (p<0.001); Quality of life (HIT-6): improved (p<0.001)
259 Chandarana et al. 2026revieworal magnesium supplementation; vs. serum vs erythrocyte and other compartment markersclinical benefit in migraine prophylaxis: improved

Magnesium and Pregnancy: Human Studies

In gestational diabetes, magnesium lowered fasting glucose and insulin resistance in a meta-analysis, but preterm births and large newborns were not less frequent 32. A small randomized controlled trial with magnesium oxide found less neonatal jaundice and hospital stays than with placebo, as well as fewer active inflammatory genes IL-8 and TNF-α 155. The gene expression of IL-1 and VEGF remained unchanged 155. The evidence is low: there is only one small controlled trial, and several results come from individual small studies.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
2 Shi et al. 2026meta-analysis · 10,262 participantsMagnesium combined with zinc, calcium and vitamin D; vs. Standard controlCesarean section rate: improved (RR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.15, 1.29)
32 Luo et al. 2024meta-analysis · 266 participantsMagnesium supplementation (salt not specified); vs. Control interventionPreterm delivery: no difference (OR = 0.42; 95 % CI = 0.06 to 2.95; P = 0.38); Macrosomia: no difference (OR = 0.34; 95 % CI = 0.08 to 1.35; P = 0.13)
155 Ahmadi et al. 2018randomised controlled · 36 participants250 mg/day magnesium oxide; 250 mg/day; 6 weeks; vs. placeboIL-8 gene expression in PBMCs: improved (P = 0.03); TNF-α gene expression in PBMCs: improved (P = 0.006); TGF-β gene expression in PBMCs: improved (P = 0.03)

Magnesium: Further Outcomes in Studies

In several controlled trials and meta-analyses, magnesium increased the magnesium level in the blood or urinary excretion 22257684121. The inflammatory protein CRP decreased more than with placebo in two meta-analyses and two randomized controlled trials 1624121141. In a randomized controlled trial in overweight individuals, urinary cortisol also decreased more than with placebo 196. It remains open which salt form and daily amount is most favorable for which measure, since many studies do not specify the form precisely and the participant numbers were mostly small.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
5 Morel et al. 2021systematic review · 5,447 participantsMagnesium (Mg), salt not specified; vs. Placebo or control in the included RCTsPain intensity and analgesics consumption in post-operative pain: unclear; Pain intensity and analgesics consumption in renal pain: unclear; Pain intensity and analgesics consumption in chronic/neuropathic pain: unclear
8 Rafiee et al. 2021meta-analysis · 2,013 participantsMagnesium supplementation (salt not specified); Dose-response analysis, exact amounts not reported; vs. Placebo or controlBody weight, waist circumference, BMI, body fat percentage (overall analysis): no difference; Waist circumference in subjects with BMI > 30 kg/m2: improved (weighted mean difference = –2·09 cm, 95 % CI –4·12, –0·07, P = 0·040); Dose-response effect of supplementation on anthropometric indices: no difference
9 Yang et al. 2025meta-analysis · 1,600 participantsCombination of calcium, chromium, selenium and magnesium; vs. Placebo or control (RCTs)Oxidative stress markers: no difference; Sex hormone levels: no difference; Weight-related measures: no difference
13 Amiri et al. 2026meta-analysis · 1,085 participantsOral magnesium supplements (salt form not stated); Subgroups: > 250 and ≤ 250 mg/day; Subgroups: under or over 12 weeks; vs. PlaceboSerum magnesium level: no difference
15 Talebi et al. 2022meta-analysis · 927 participantsoral magnesium supplementation; vs. controlsC-reactive protein (CRP): no difference (WMD, - 0.49; 95% CI, - 1.72 to 0.75 mg/L; P = 0.44); interleukin-6 (IL-6): no difference (WMD, - 0.03; 95% CI, - 0.40 to 0.33 pg/mL; P = 0.86); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α): no difference (WMD, 0.12; 95% CI, - 0.08 to 0.31 pg/mL; P = 0.24)
16 Veronese et al. 2022meta-analysis · 889 participantsOral magnesium supplementation; vs. PlaceboSerum C-reactive protein (CRP): improved; Nitric oxide (NO): improved; Plasma fibrinogen: improved
17 Shahid et al. 2025systematic review · 693 participantsProton pump inhibitors (no magnesium supplement); at least 6 months, up to 12 months; vs. no PPI or baselineSerum magnesium: unclear (no change after 12 months to pharmacokinetic alterations without systemic depletion)
20 Deng et al. 2025meta-analysis · 509 participantsMagnesium plus vitamin D or vitamin E; vs. Control group (placebo/no co-supplementation)serum 25(OH)D: improved (MD:13.37, 95%CI: 0.45, 26.29, p = 0.04); serum magnesium: improved (MD: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.27, p < 0.00001); hs-CRP: improved (MD: -1.19, 95%CI: -1.95, -0.42, p = 0.002)

Further studies in this area: 21 22 23 24 25 29 31 33 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 50 54 61 64 68 72 74 75 76 77 78 80 81 83 84 85 87 89 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 129 132 135 136 137 138 140 141 143 144 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 178 179 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 228 230 231 232 233 235 236 238 239 240 241 242 243 246 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 259 260 261 263 264 265 266 272 274 275 276 277 278 279 283 284 285 286

4. How Is Magnesium Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The studies used predominantly oral magnesium salts, including citrate, oxide, glycinate (also bisglycinate), aspartate, chloride, L-threonate and hydroxide as well as magnesium-rich mineral water. Individual studies tested magnesium applied as a gel or iontophoresis. In combination preparations with vitamin B6, vitamin D, potassium or other ingredients, the contribution of magnesium cannot be separated; the doses are shown in the table.

Preparation or formDoseDurationStudy
Eplerenone versus placebo (serum magnesium measured)—median 16 months70
Tablets: placebo, magnesium, potassium, magnesium plus potassium—60 days72
Tablets: placebo, magnesium, potassium, magnesium+potassium—2 months73
magnesium and/or potassium supplements, placebo—60 days74
oral magnesium 300 mg alone or with vitamin B6 30 mg300 mg magnesium, optionally plus 30 mg vitamin B68 weeks75
Oral magnesium oxide vs. placebo500 mg magnesium oxide (302 mg elemental)12 months, three follow-up visits76
Urikind-KM6: 1,100 mg potassium citrate, 375 mg magnesium citrate, 20 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride per 5 mLevery 8 hours for 3 years3 years77
oral magnesium glycinate as add-on to standard therapy440 mg/day12 months78
Magnesium oxide monohydrate (MOMH), capsule226 mg once daily at bedtime60 days79
oral magnesium plus 400 mg etodolac twice daily365 mg oral magnesium dailyfollow-up at day 4 and day 1080
30 mL magnesium chloride 5% solution (382 mg elemental magnesium) vs. placebo382 mg elemental magnesium daily16 weeks82
Magnesium (salt not specified)customized to baseline dietary intake—83
Magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, or placebo450 mg magnesium per day24 weeks84
400 mg magnesium oxide plus 25 mg vitamin B6400 mg magnesium oxide and 25 mg vitamin B612 weeks85
Magnesium bisglycinate capsules vs. placebo250 mg elemental magnesium dailyup to Week 4 (multiple time points)86

5. Is Magnesium Safe? Side Effects in Studies

In the studies, magnesium was predominantly well tolerated. Adverse events were mostly mild and similarly frequent in both groups 7688108. In one study with magnesium oxide, however, half of the magnesium group had gastrointestinal changes, compared with only 7% under placebo 138. In chronic kidney disease, magnesium hydroxide led to more gastrointestinal side effects (35 versus 9) as well as five deaths and six cardiovascular events, compared with two deaths and none under placebo 87. Details are shown in the table.

StudyReported side effects
17 Shahid et al. 2025Magnesium findings inconsistent; B12 and calcium declines reported
25 Basit et al. 2026excellent safety and tolerability
27 Liu et al. 2021no significant side effects (OR 1.82, 95% CI 0.90-3.69, P = 0.094)
30 Darooghegi et al. 2018not reported
35 Mah et al. 2021Adverse events were an outcome but not reported
44 Konstantinidis et al. 2025Supplementation safety investigated, no details given
46 Kohjimoto et al. 2025Adverse drug reactions mainly minor, discontinuation 2%-16%
51 Rawji et al. 2024minimal side effects reported
55 Fong et al. 2022Data on safety were limited
76 Al-Maqbali et al. 2026No differences in adverse drug reactions between groups
77 Reddy et al. 2014drug intolerance in control group 1 within 1 month
78 Maddirevula et al. 2026well tolerated, no serious adverse events

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

  • The results depend on salt form, daily amount and baseline magnesium status; many studies do not specify the form precisely.
  • Many studies are small and of short duration; long-term studies are still pending.
  • In combination preparations with other potentially active ingredients, the effect of magnesium cannot be attributed.
  • For bones, calf cramps and muscle strength, the results are inconsistent, and there is uncertainty about the optimal dose for individual measures.
  • The transferability to other magnesium forms and populations is open.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About Magnesium

Magnesium is a mineral that the body needs for energy production, muscle and nerve function, and heart rhythm. Human studies show favorable effects of oral magnesium salts on blood sugar and insulin resistance in diabetes, on blood pressure, especially in hypertension or magnesium deficiency, and on depression scores. In migraine, too, a meta-analysis found fewer attacks, and a systematic review considers magnesium possibly effective for prevention. For sleep, calf cramps, muscle strength and bones, the results are mixed or show no difference. The findings apply to the respective salt form and preparation studied, and many studies are small or of short duration.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has Magnesium been studied in humans?

We evaluated 288 human studies on Magnesium, including 141 randomised controlled trials and 69 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 16,263 participants in total. As of 3 October 2026.

Does Magnesium help with blood sugar and metabolism? What the studies show

We evaluated 19 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 37 controlled studies and 21 further studies; the controlled studies include 3,101 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 9101112

Does Magnesium help with blood pressure, heart and blood vessels? What the studies show

We evaluated 19 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 31 controlled studies and 24 further studies; the controlled studies include 8,093 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 1367

Does Magnesium help with stress, anxiety and mood? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 28 controlled studies and 8 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,331 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 14285175

Does Magnesium help with sleep? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 4 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,214 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 4233536

Does Magnesium help with bones? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 5 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 332 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 2229116117

Does Magnesium help with muscles and muscle cramps? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 15 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,041 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 27798890

Which magnesium forms were studied in the studies?

Mainly oral magnesium salts such as citrate, oxide, glycinate (also bisglycinate), aspartate, chloride, L-threonate and hydroxide as well as magnesium-rich mineral water were studied. Individual studies tested magnesium applied as a gel or iontophoresis. In combination preparations with vitamin B6, vitamin D, potassium or other ingredients, the contribution of magnesium cannot be separated.

What do the studies show about blood pressure and the heart?

In people with hypertension, diabetes or magnesium deficiency, oral magnesium salts lowered blood pressure in several controlled studies 3710111219. With normal blood pressure, the reduction was not confirmed in one meta-analysis 7, while another found a reduction in systolic value 49.

Does magnesium help with sleep problems?

Two randomized controlled trials found more deep sleep and better sleep scores compared with placebo 160185, while two others found no difference in sleep quality in calf cramps and in polycystic ovary syndrome 107126. Overall, the results are mixed.

How well is magnesium tolerated in the studies?

In the studies, magnesium was predominantly well tolerated, and adverse events were mostly mild and comparable between groups 25787992. Nausea or diarrhea were equally frequent under magnesium and placebo in one study 88, while gastrointestinal changes were significantly more frequent under magnesium oxide in another 138. In chronic kidney disease, magnesium hydroxide led to more gastrointestinal side effects as well as five deaths and six cardiovascular events, compared with two deaths and none under placebo 87.

For which complaints is the evidence strongest?

The evidence is strongest for blood sugar and metabolism, for blood pressure and the heart, and for depression scores 1011123728134206. For sleep, calf cramps and muscle strength, the results are mixed or show no difference 479107157; for bones, there are mainly laboratory values in kidney patients 2229. The findings apply in each case to the salt form, daily amount and population studied.

Sources

  1. 1
    Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk
    An P, Wan S, Luo Y, Luo J, Zhang X, Zhou S et al. · 2022
  2. 2
  3. 3
    Impact of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Alharran AM, Alzayed MM, Jamilian P, Prabahar K, Kamal AH, Alotaibi MN et al. · 2024
  4. 4
  5. 5
    Magnesium for Pain Treatment in 2021? State of the Art
    Morel V, Pickering ME, Goubayon J, Djobo M, Macian N, Pickering G · 2021
  6. 6
  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9
  10. 10
  11. 11
  12. 12
  13. 13
  14. 14
    Efficacy of Pharmacological Interventions in Milder Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Urata M, Sakurai H, Ueno F, Maruki T, Tada T, Uchida T et al. · 2025
  15. 15
  16. 16
  17. 17
  18. 18
  19. 19
  20. 20
  21. 21
  22. 22
  23. 23
    Effects of Dietary Supplementation in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome: A Systematic Review
    González-Parejo P, Martín-Núñez J, Cabrera-Martos I, Valenza MC · 2024
  24. 24
  25. 25
  26. 26
  27. 27
  28. 28
  29. 29
  30. 30
  31. 31
    Analgesic Efficacy of Magnesium in Lower Third Molar Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Owayed A, Alshammari HA, Aljumaiaan M, Alshammari DM, Almutairi S, Al Dreess Y et al. · 2025
  32. 32
  33. 33
  34. 34
  35. 35
  36. 36
  37. 37
  38. 38
  39. 39
    The Role of Dietary Supplements in the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Critical Review
    Wójtowicz M, Małek P, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M · 2026
  40. 40
    Efficacy of Prophylactic Magnesium Therapy for the Prevention of Cisplatin-Induced Renal Injury: A Meta-Analysis
    Nishida M, Jobu K, Ishida T, Morisawa S, Odaira A, Maruyama T et al. · 2026
  41. 41
  42. 42
  43. 43
  44. 44
  45. 45
  46. 46
  47. 47
    Role of Trace Elements in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review
    Gopal N, Telgote D, Manir MZ, S A, Haldar U, Amle D · 2025
  48. 48
  49. 49
  50. 50
    Inquiry of the Metabolic Traits in Relationship with Daily Magnesium Intake: Focus on Type 2 Diabetic Population
    Gheorghe AM, Ciobica ML, Nistor C, Gurzun MM, Sandulescu BA, Stanciu M et al. · 2024
  51. 51
    Examining the Effects of Supplemental Magnesium on Self-Reported Anxiety and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review
    Rawji A, Peltier MR, Mourtzanakis K, Awan S, Rana J, Pothen NJ et al. · 2024
  52. 52
  53. 53
  54. 54
  55. 55
  56. 56
  57. 57
  58. 58
  59. 59
  60. 60
  61. 61
  62. 62
    Effects of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Vascular Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Marques BCAA, Klein MRST, da Cunha MR, de Souza Mattos S, de Paula Nogueira L, de Paula T et al. · 2020
  63. 63
  64. 64
  65. 65
    The role of nutrients in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine headaches: Review
    Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Sani MA, Dahri M, Ghalichi F, Ghavami A, Arjang P et al. · 2018
  66. 66
  67. 67
  68. 68
  69. 69
    Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence
    Meolie AL, Rosen C, Kristo D, Kohrman M, Gooneratne N, Aguillard RN et al. · 2005
  70. 70
  71. 71
  72. 72
  73. 73
  74. 74
  75. 75
  76. 76
  77. 77
  78. 78
  79. 79
  80. 80
    The effect of oral magnesium supplementation on acute non-specific low back pain: Prospective randomized clinical trial
    Bayram S, Şahin K, Anarat FB, Chousein CM, Kocazeybek E, Altan M et al. · 2021
  81. 81
  82. 82
    Oral Magnesium Supplementation and Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
    Rodríguez-Morán M, Simental-Mendía LE, Gamboa-Gómez CI, Guerrero-Romero F · 2018
  83. 83
  84. 84
  85. 85
    Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Idiopathic Hyperoxaluria Treatments
    Gupta M, Gallante B, Bamberger JN, Khusid JA, Parkhomenko E, Chandhoke R et al. · 2021
  86. 86
  87. 87
    The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Vascular Calcification in CKD: A Randomized Clinical Trial (MAGiCAL-CKD)
    Bressendorff I, Hansen D, Schou M, Kragelund C, Svensson M, Hashemi B et al. · 2023
  88. 88
    Oral magnesium supplementation for leg cramps in pregnancy-An observational controlled trial
    Araújo CAL, Lorena SB, Cavalcanti GCS, Leão GLS, Tenório GP, Alves JGB · 2020
  89. 89
    Effectiveness of a homeopathic complex medicine in infantile colic: A randomized multicenter study
    Raak C, Krueger P, Klement P, De Jaegere S, Weber S, Keller T et al. · 2019
  90. 90
    Secondary prevention of leg cramps using compression stockings or magnesium supplements: a three-arm randomized clinical trial
    Kuusipalo A, Laitila J, Lehtonen E, Joensuu J, Mustajoki P, Mustonen P et al. · 2026
  91. 91
  92. 92
  93. 93
  94. 94
  95. 95
  96. 96
  97. 97
  98. 98
  99. 99
  100. 100
  101. 101
  102. 102
    [Clinical efficacy of the dietary supplement Astracit-Asfarma as a synergistic adjuvant to standard therapy for the elimination of residual fragments after endoscopic and shock wave lithotripsy in patients with urolithiasis (a pilot study)]
    Fomkin R N, Osnovin O V, Popkov V M, Fomkina O A · 2025
  103. 103
    Effects of B vitamins and magnesium on fatigue, disease activity and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease
    Ramezani E, Bager P, Torabinasab K, Daryani NE, Looha MA, Masoumvand M et al. · 2026
  104. 104
    Magnesium in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
    Airagnes G, Valter R, Ducoutumany G, Vansteene C, Trabut JB, Gorwood P et al. · 2023
  105. 105
  106. 106
    Effects of 12-Week Multivitamin Supplementation on Serum Folate Levels in Pre-Menopausal Females
    Osburn S, Roberson P, Medler J, Shake J, Arnold R, Alamdari N et al. · 2020
  107. 107
    Effect of Magnesium Oxide Supplementation on Nocturnal Leg Cramps: A Randomized Clinical Trial
    Roguin Maor N, Alperin M, Shturman E, Khairaldeen H, Friedman M, Karkabi K et al. · 2017
  108. 108
  109. 109
  110. 110
  111. 111
  112. 112
  113. 113
    Nutritional intake as a determinant of high-speed resistance and multicomponent training efficacy on strength in older women at risk of sarcopenia. A randomized clinical trial
    Polo-Ferrero L, Recio-Rodriguez JI, González-Manzano S, Martín-Vallejo J, Barbero-Iglesias FJ, Montero-Errasquín B et al. · 2025
  114. 114
  115. 115
  116. 116
  117. 117
  118. 118
  119. 119
  120. 120
  121. 121
  122. 122
  123. 123
  124. 124
  125. 125
  126. 126
  127. 127
  128. 128
    Effects of "vitex agnus castus" extract and magnesium supplementation, alone and in combination, on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and fracture healing in women with long bone fracture
    Eftekhari MH, Rostami ZH, Emami MJ, Tabatabaee HR · 2014
  129. 129
  130. 130
  131. 131
    Combined oral supplementation with magnesium plus vitamin D alleviates mild to moderate depressive symptoms related to long-COVID: an open-label randomized, controlled clinical trial
    Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F, Barragán-Zuñiga J, Gamboa-Gómez CI, Weyman-Vela Y, Arce-Quiñones M et al. · 2024
  132. 132
  133. 133
    Potassium Magnesium Citrate Is Superior to Potassium Chloride in Reversing Metabolic Side Effects of Chlorthalidone
    Vongpatanasin W, Giacona JM, Pittman D, Murillo A, Khan G, Wang J et al. · 2023
  134. 134
  135. 135
    Clinical and Metabolic Responses to Magnesium Supplementation in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
    Farsinejad-Marj M, Azadbakht L, Mardanian F, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A · 2020
  136. 136
  137. 137
  138. 138
    A Pilot Randomized Trial of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Supraventricular Arrhythmias
    Lutsey PL, Chen LY, Eaton A, Jaeb M, Rudser KD, Neaton JD et al. · 2018
  139. 139
  140. 140
    Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Circulating Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease
    Alonso A, Chen LY, Rudser KD, Norby FL, Rooney MR, Lutsey PL · 2020
  141. 141
    Clinical trial on the effects of oral magnesium supplementation in stable-phase COPD patients
    Zanforlini BM, Ceolin C, Trevisan C, Alessi A, Seccia DM, Noale M et al. · 2022
  142. 142
    Supportive treatment of vascular dysfunction in pediatric subjects with obesity: the OBELIX study
    Pecoraro L, Zoller T, Atkinson RL, Nisi F, Antoniazzi F, Cavarzere P et al. · 2022
  143. 143
  144. 144
  145. 145
  146. 146
  147. 147
  148. 148
  149. 149
  150. 150
  151. 151
  152. 152
  153. 153
  154. 154
    Magnesium supplementation affects gene expression related to insulin and lipid in patients with gestational diabetes
    Jamilian M, Samimi M, Faraneh AE, Aghadavod E, Shahrzad HD, Chamani M et al. · 2017
  155. 155
  156. 156
  157. 157
  158. 158
  159. 159
  160. 160
  161. 161
    Magnesium Deficiency and Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy among Patients with Compensated Liver Cirrhosis
    Cohen-Hagai K, Feldman D, Turani-Feldman T, Hadary R, Lotan S, Kitay-Cohen Y · 2018
  162. 162
  163. 163
    Liposomal Mineral Absorption: A Randomized Crossover Trial
    Tinsley GM, Harty PS, Stratton MT, Siedler MR, Rodriguez C · 2022
  164. 164
  165. 165
  166. 166
  167. 167
    Digital integration of research conduct into clinical care: results of the PROSPECTOR randomised feasibility study
    Wilson MG, Asselbergs FW, Saleem N, Jeilani L, Brealey D, Sydes MR et al. · 2025
  168. 168
  169. 169
  170. 170
  171. 171
  172. 172
  173. 173
  174. 174
    Oral magnesium supplements for cancer treatment-induced hypomagnesemia: Results from a pilot randomized trial
    Awan A, Basulaiman B, Stober C, Clemons M, Fergusson D, Hilton J et al. · 2021
  175. 175
    Magnesium Supplementation Modulates T-cell Function in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Low Serum Magnesium Levels
    Drenthen LCA, Ajie M, de Baaij JHF, Tack CJ, de Galan BE, Stienstra R · 2024
  176. 176
  177. 177
    Magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to fluoxetine therapy for depression
    Walyddaini AS, Lisal ST, Ilhamuddin, Zainuddin AA, Tanra AJ, Widianingsih Y et al. · 2026
  178. 178
  179. 179
  180. 180
  181. 181
  182. 182
  183. 183
    Positive effects of magnesium supplementation in metabolic syndrome
    Kisters S, Kisters K, Werner T, Vormann J, Tokmak F, Westhoff T et al. · 2024
  184. 184
  185. 185
  186. 186
  187. 187
  188. 188
  189. 189
  190. 190
  191. 191
    A Combination of Magnesium, B Vitamins, Rhodiola, and Green Tea (L-theanine) Alleviates Chronic Stress in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
    · 2022
  192. 192
  193. 193
  194. 194
  195. 195
  196. 196
    Long-term magnesium supplementation improves glucocorticoid metabolism: A post-hoc analysis of an intervention trial
    Schutten JC, Joris PJ, Minović I, Post A, van Beek AP, de Borst MH et al. · 2021
  197. 197
  198. 198
  199. 199
  200. 200
  201. 201
  202. 202
    Efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in reducing febrile neutropenia episodes in children with solid tumors treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy: randomized clinical trial
    Castelán-Martínez OD, Palomo-Colli MA, Barrios-López VE, Silva-Jivaja KM, Juárez-Villegas LE, Castañeda-Hernández G et al. · 2020
  203. 203
  204. 204
  205. 205
  206. 206
  207. 207
  208. 208
    Oxalobacter formigenes: Opening the door to probiotic therapy for the treatment of hyperoxaluria
    Jairath A, Parekh N, Otano N, Mishra S, Ganpule A, Sabnis R et al. · 2015
  209. 209
    Short- and long-term effects of mud-bath treatment on hand osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial
    Fioravanti A, Tenti S, Giannitti C, Fortunati NA, Galeazzi M · 2014
  210. 210
    Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause
    Mucci M, Carraro C, Mancino P, Monti M, Papadia LS, Volpini G et al. · 2006
  211. 211
  212. 212
  213. 213
  214. 214
  215. 215
  216. 216
    Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Muscle Soreness and Performance
    Reno AM, Green M, Killen LG, O'Neal EK, Pritchett K, Hanson Z · 2022
  217. 217
    Comparing the Bioavailability of Two Seawater-Derived Magnesium Preparations
    McFarlin BK, Paschall AL, Kelly ME, Womack SM · 2025
  218. 218
    Defecation after magnesium supplementation enhances cognitive performance in triathletes
    Wei CC, Harris MB, Ye M, Nicholls A, Alkhatib A, Dewi L et al. · 2025
  219. 219
    Magnesium Supplementation and Tachyarrhythmias: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial
    Goulden R, Abrahamowicz M, Strumpf E, Tamblyn R · 2026
  220. 220
  221. 221
  222. 222
  223. 223
  224. 224
  225. 225
    Serum magnesium and outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the GALACTIC-HF trial
    Chimura M, Docherty KF, Jhund PS, Yang M, Ono R, Henderson AD et al. · 2026
  226. 226
  227. 227
  228. 228
  229. 229
  230. 230
  231. 231
  232. 232
    Serum magnesium is linked with sperm concentration, motile sperm count and serum anti-Müllerian hormone in infertile men
    Yahyavi SK, Probst-Drejer B, Poulsen NN, Jorsal MJ, Juul A, Jørgensen N et al. · 2026
  233. 233
  234. 234
    Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation May Be Correlated With Resolution of New Daily Persistent Headache
    Takle M, Strelzik J, Langdon R, Turner A, McClintock W, Barber J et al. · 2026
  235. 235
  236. 236
  237. 237
    Effect of Magnesium on Ventricular Extrasystoles in Children
    Uysal F, Turkmen H, Genc A, Bostan OM · 2024
  238. 238
  239. 239
  240. 240
  241. 241
  242. 242
    An Open-label Experience Trial to Evaluate the Effects of a Novel Supplement and Hair Serum Combination on Hair, Skin and Nails in Healthy Women
    · 2021
  243. 243
  244. 244
  245. 245
  246. 246
  247. 247
  248. 248
  249. 249
  250. 250
    Effects of Increasing the Concentration of Dialysate Magnesium on Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review
    Tannar B, Al-Hellawi H, Sontrop JM, Acedillo RR, Al-Jaishi AA, Anderson S et al. · 2026
  251. 251
  252. 252
  253. 253
    Magnesium and kidney stones: a concise narrative review
    Scoglio M, Bargagli M, Fuster DG · 2026
  254. 254
  255. 255
  256. 256
  257. 257
    Vitamin D and Diabetes: Exploring the Link, Prevention, and Management
    Bjørklund G, Butnariu M, Gurgas L, Hangan T · 2026
  258. 258
  259. 259
  260. 260
    Magnesium as an endocrine modulator: physiological roles, clinical evidence, and therapeutic perspectives
    Palermo A, Naciu AM, Zavatta G, Sargentini E, Menale C, Yavropoulou MP et al. · 2026
  261. 261
  262. 262
    Magnesium and Cardiac Arrythmias: An Overlooked Guardian of Electrical Stability
    Jia K, Noguer JA, Rimsky ER, Pikale GS, Sattarzadeh A, Pradeep AG et al. · 2026
  263. 263
  264. 264
  265. 265
  266. 266
  267. 267
    The Nutritional Paradox of Obesity: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications of Micronutrient Deficiencies
    Alexa RE, Haliga RE, Morărașu BC, Ceasovschih A, Sîrbu O, Asaftei A et al. · 2026
  268. 268
  269. 269
    Dietary Modulation of Inflammatory and Oxidative Pathways in Type 2 Diabetes: Biomarkers and Cardiorenal Outcomes
    Maida CD, Scaglione S, Norrito RL, Daidone M, Pacinella G, Marchese A et al. · 2026
  270. 270
  271. 271
  272. 272
    Micronutrient balance and brain function: neuropsychological, metabolic, and clinical interactions
    López-Sebastiani V, Quiroz-Cornejo KV, Arellano-Salazar MP, Monje-Bolivar F, Samillan VJ · 2026
  273. 273
  274. 274
  275. 275
  276. 276
  277. 277
  278. 278
    Diet and Lifestyle Modifications for Fibromyalgia
    Metyas C, Aung TT, Cheung J, Joseph M, Ballester AM, Metyas S · 2024
  279. 279
  280. 280
    Dietary Strategies in the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review
    Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Wójcik M, Herceg-Čavrak V, Cobal S, Radovanovic D, Alvarez-Pitti J et al. · 2024
  281. 281
  282. 282
  283. 283
  284. 284
    Effects of nutrients on immunomodulation in patients with severe COVID-19: Current knowledge
    da Costa BT, Araújo GRL, da Silva Júnior RT, Santos LKS, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Lima DBA et al. · 2022
  285. 285
  286. 286
  287. 287
    Electrolyte minerals intake and cardiovascular health
    Mohammadifard N, Gotay C, Humphries KH, Ignaszewski A, Esmaillzadeh A, Sarrafzadegan N · 2019

Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.

International Health Research · https://ih-research.com/en/knowledge/magnesium/ · Last updated: 2026-10-15