Knowledge · Natural Compounds

Garlic and Black Garlic

Q: Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with blood lipids? What the studies show

We evaluated 12 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 23 controlled studies and 21 further studies; the controlled studies include 4,723 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [1, 2, 4, 5]

Q: Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with blood pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 12 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 12 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,184 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [2, 4, 8, 9]

Q: Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with vascular function? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 27 controlled studies and 18 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,108 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [9, 20, 23, 33]

Q: Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with immune function? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 480 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [2, 11, 17, 29]

Q: Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with cancer risk? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 6 controlled studies and 6 further studies; the controlled studies include 13,528 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [26, 27, 31, 36]

Q: Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with stomach and gut? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 2 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 49 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [6, 90, 114, 134]

Q: What is black garlic and does it differ from fresh garlic?

Black garlic is made from whole garlic bulbs stored warm and humid for weeks, which makes the bulb dark and the taste mild; the Maillard reaction takes place in the process. Findings on fresh garlic, powder or aged garlic extract therefore cannot be readily transferred to it. In small randomized trials, HDL cholesterol increased with black garlic [120], blood pressure slightly decreased [76, 113], and in heart failure due to coronary artery disease, heart function and quality of life improved [118].

Q: Which preparations were most frequently tested in the studies?

The most frequently studied were aged garlic extract as capsules and dried garlic powder as tablets [43, 53, 59, 61, 74, 88]. Preparations with a stated content of allicin or S-allyl cysteine were also used [62, 88]. Fresh cloves, oil extracts and black garlic were less often studied as their own preparation [51, 120].

Q: How well was garlic tolerated in the studies?

The studies predominantly report good tolerability. Several randomized controlled trials observed no serious side effects [58, 59, 60, 89]. One review mentions possible hypoglycemia with simultaneous intake of chlorpropamide [41].

In many controlled studies, garlic lowered blood pressure, especially as powder and aged extract; black garlic has only been tested in a few small studies.

Last updated: 2026-10-15

We evaluated 213 human studies on Garlic and Black Garlic, including 91 randomised controlled trials and 41 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 28,976 participants in total. As of 13 October 2026.

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1. What Is Garlic and Black Garlic? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Garlic is the bulb of Allium sativum, a plant in the Amaryllidaceae family. It has long been used as a spice and is a daily ingredient in many kitchens. Black garlic is made from whole garlic bulbs kept warm and humid for weeks; the bulb turns dark and the taste becomes mild and sweet.

Garlic grows in temperate climates and is cultivated worldwide; the cloves of the bulb are the part mainly used. Black garlic is made from fresh bulbs of the same plant and appears as an ingredient in cooking.

Fresh cloves, dried and powdered material, oil macerates and water-alcohol extracts that mature over a longer period (aged garlic extract) are all obtained from the bulbs. Black garlic forms when whole bulbs are kept for weeks at controlled warmth and humidity; browning reactions take place during this time. Studies examine fresh cloves, powder, oil macerates, aged extracts and black garlic, sometimes with a stated content of allicin or S-allyl cysteine.

Forms and Preparations Studied

Fresh cloves
Dried garlic powder
Garlic oil macerate
Aged garlic extract
Black garlic
Preparations standardized to allicin or S-allyl cysteine

Not covered on this page:

Other alliums such as onion, leek and chives
Wild garlic (Allium ursinum)
Combination products in which garlic is only one of several ingredients

2. What Does Garlic and Black Garlic Do? Results by Area

Area	Result in controlled studies	Strength of evidence	Studies	Participants
Blood lipids	mixed	high	12 meta-analyses · 23 controlled · 21 other	4,723
Blood pressure	mostly improved	high	12 meta-analyses · 19 controlled · 12 other	1,184
Vascular function	mostly improved	high	4 meta-analyses · 27 controlled · 18 other	1,108
Immune function	mostly improved	high	4 meta-analyses · 9 controlled · 5 other	480
Cancer risk	mostly no difference	moderate	4 meta-analyses · 6 controlled · 6 other	13,528
Stomach and gut	mixed	moderate	1 meta-analyses · 2 controlled · 5 other	49
Other investigations	mixed	high	15 meta-analyses · 45 controlled · 49 other	5,786

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

Garlic and Black Garlic and Blood Lipids: Human Studies

Several meta-analyses found lower total and LDL cholesterol and lower triglycerides with garlic than with placebo 2 4 21. In type 2 diabetes, especially total cholesterol decreased 14, with aged garlic extract especially LDL cholesterol 15. Garlic powder tablets lowered total and LDL cholesterol and raised HDL cholesterol in a randomized controlled trial 53. In contrast, blood lipids remained without difference from placebo with raw garlic, garlic powder and aged extract in moderately elevated cholesterol 51 and long-term in a large study in China 43. For black garlic, HDL cholesterol increased more than with placebo in a small randomized study, while total and LDL cholesterol as well as triglycerides remained unchanged 120. A low-dose extract from black garlic did not change the usual blood lipid levels 73.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
1 Osadnik et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 13,062 participants	Garlic as one of several nutraceuticals; vs. Placebo/no intervention	LDL cholesterol: improved (-1.21 [-46.8 mg/dL] to -0.17 [-6.6 mg/dL] mmol/l reduction); Total cholesterol: improved (-1.75 [-67.7 mg/dL] to -0.18 [7 mg/dL] mmol/l reduction)
2 Behrouz et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 7,137 participants	Garlic preparations, form not specified; not reported; not reported; vs. Control groups of included RCTs	Triglycerides: improved (WMD: -5.82, 95% CI: -8.16 to -3.49 mg/dL); Total cholesterol: improved (WMD: -10.21, 95% CI: -13.69 to -6.74 mg/dL); LDL cholesterol: improved (WMD: -5.90, 95% CI: -10.51 to -1.29 mg/dL)
4 Fu et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 999 participants	Garlic supplement, oral form not specified; mean dose used as covariate, value not reported; intervention duration used as covariate, value not reported; vs. placebo	triglycerides: improved (SMD (95%CI) = -0.66 (-1.23, -0.09)); total cholesterol: improved (SMD (95%CI) = -0.43 (-0.86, -0.01)); LDL cholesterol: improved (SMD (95%CI) = -0.44(-0.88, -0.01))
5 Silagy et al. 1994	meta-analysis · 952 participants	Garlic preparations, including dried garlic powder with standardised allicin; 600-900 mg daily (dried powder); at least four weeks, effect up to six months; vs. placebo or other lipid-lowering agents	Total cholesterol, mean difference in reduction: improved (-0.77 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.65, -0.89 mmol/l)); Triglycerides, reduction by dried powder: improved (0.31 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.14, -0.49))
7 Wang et al. 2017	meta-analysis · 768 participants	garlic supplement, allicin-standardized; 0.05 g to 1.5 g allicin daily; 1 to 24 weeks; vs. control group	total cholesterol: improved (SMD = -1.93, 95%CI (-2.98, -0.87)); high density lipoprotein: unclear (SMD = -0.41, 95%CI (-0.83, -0.00)); low density lipoprotein: improved (SMD = -3.47, 95%CI (-5.76, -1.18))
14 Ebrahimzadeh et al. 2026	meta-analysis	Garlic supplements (form not specified); longer supplementation associated with improved lipid profiles; vs. placebo/control; garlic alone vs. with oral hypoglycemic agents	Total cholesterol: improved (WMD: -8.26; 95% CI: -14.65 to -1.88); HDL-C: no difference; Triglycerides: no difference
15 Bashiri et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Aged garlic (AG), various forms; vs. Control group (placebo or usual care)	LDL cholesterol: improved (WMD: -4.41 mg/dL; 95% CI: -8.28 to -0.54); HDL cholesterol: no difference; Total cholesterol: no difference (WMD: -4.74 mg/dL; 95% CI: -9.49 to 0.01)
17 Tang et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Garlic or garlic products, incl. SAC-standardized preparations; 2.4 mg garlic; SAC optimal 0.5-1.5 mg; 8-week intervention in subgroup analysis; vs. conventional medications or placebo	HDL cholesterol: improved (0.31, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.59, P = 0.03)

Further studies in this area: 19 20 21 23 27 33 35 37 43 51 53 58 62 65 67 70 73 75 79 82 85 94 95 98 107 110 116 119 120 126 127 128 139 157 158 163 164 166 167 168 170 173 174 186 195 197 198 199

Garlic and Black Garlic and Blood Pressure: Human Studies

For blood pressure, the most and largest studies are available: several meta-analyses found lower systolic and diastolic values with garlic preparations in adults with hypertension 9 17 18 34 39. Dried garlic powder lowered both values in a meta-analysis 35; for aged garlic extract, the systolic value was reliably lowered, the diastolic only borderline 8. Mean arterial pressure decreased more than with placebo in two randomized controlled trials with garlic powder and freeze-dried garlic extract 61 110. Pulse pressure decreased with aged garlic extract 90, but remained unchanged with freeze-dried extract 110. An extract from black garlic with little S-allyl cysteine slightly lowered blood pressure and lowered ACE activity more than placebo in treated grade I hypertension 113. In moderately elevated cholesterol, the diastolic value decreased with such an extract 76. Aged garlic extract lowered systolic but not diastolic pressure in a meta-analysis 15; in treated but uncontrolled hypertension, it only had an effect at higher baseline values 88. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome, a garlic preparation showed only a trend for systolic pressure and no difference for diastolic 70. The evidence is strong and is based mainly on meta-analyses on powder, aged extract and other preparations 8 35 39; black garlic has so far only been tested for blood pressure in two small studies 76 113.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
2 Behrouz et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 7,137 participants	Garlic preparations, form not specified; not reported; not reported; vs. Control groups of included RCTs	Systolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -3.71, 95% CI: -5.07 to -2.36 mmHg); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -1.97, 95% CI: -2.86 to -1.08 mmHg)
4 Fu et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 999 participants	Garlic supplement, oral form not specified; mean dose used as covariate, value not reported; intervention duration used as covariate, value not reported; vs. placebo	diastolic blood pressure: improved (SMD (95%CI) = -1.33 (-2.14, -0.53))
8 Saadh et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 584 participants	Aged garlic extract (AGE), also as tea; effective above 1200 mg/day; vs. Placebo or control	Systolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -4.03; %95CI: -6.87, -1.20); Diastolic blood pressure: no difference (WMD: -1.44; 95 % CI= -2.87, -0.02)
9 Ried et al. 2020	meta-analysis · 553 participants	Garlic supplements, including Kyolic aged garlic extract; 3 months of supplementation (Kyolic trials); vs. standard anti-hypertensive medications or control	Systolic blood pressure: improved (8.3±1.9 mmHg); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (5.5±1.9 mmHg)
12 Stabler et al. 2012	systematic review · 87 participants	Garlic as monotherapy, one trial 200 mg garlic powder; 200 mg garlic powder three times daily (second trial); vs. Placebo, partly added to hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene	Mean supine systolic blood pressure: improved (reduces mean supine systolic blood pressure by 12 mmHg (95% CI 0.56 to 23.44 mmHg, p=0.04)); Mean supine diastolic blood pressure: improved (reduces mean supine diastolic blood pressure by 9 mmHg (95% CI 2.49 to 15.51 mmHg, p=0.007)); Systolic blood pressure (second trial): improved (mean reduction of systolic blood pressure by 10-11 mmHg)
15 Bashiri et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Aged garlic (AG), various forms; vs. Control group (placebo or usual care)	Systolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -2.49 mmHg; 95% CI: -4.02 to -0.95); Diastolic blood pressure: no difference
17 Tang et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Garlic or garlic products, incl. SAC-standardized preparations; 2.4 mg garlic; SAC optimal 0.5-1.5 mg; 8-week intervention in subgroup analysis; vs. conventional medications or placebo	Systolic blood pressure: improved (-4.21, 95% CI: -5.74 to -2.69, P < 0.001); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (-3.13, 95% CI: -4.42 to -1.84, P < 0.001)
18 Ma et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Garlic extracts (exact form not specified); vs. Placebo	Systolic blood pressure: improved (mean difference: -8.121, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -10.95 to -5.28, P < 0.0001); Diastolic blood pressure: improved (mean difference: -4.256, 95% CI: -5.99 to -2.52, P < 0.0001)

Further studies in this area: 27 33 34 35 39 60 61 62 65 67 70 72 76 81 82 88 90 96 110 113 115 121 124 128 144 148 152 159 160 161 162 166 168 169 172

Garlic and Black Garlic and Vascular Function: Human Studies

In randomized controlled trials with aged garlic extract, arterial stiffness decreased more than with placebo 74 77 90. Over one year, aged garlic extract slowed the progression of coronary calcification 60 98 and reduced low-density, soft plaques in the coronary arteries on CT, but not the total plaque volume 71 83. Blood flow in the smallest vessels after brief occlusion improved more with aged extract than with placebo 55 63 96, as did blood flow with an oil extract from purple garlic 84. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation improved with garlic powder in coronary heart disease 119 and with aged extract in a small crossover study 102. Endothelial function remained unchanged, however, with aged extract in type 2 diabetes 97, after a single dose of garlic powder 100, and with an extract from black garlic 113. In a dose study in healthy individuals, aged garlic extract partially inhibited platelet clumping and adhesion, depending on the amount and test condition 93.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
9 Ried et al. 2020	meta-analysis · 553 participants	Garlic supplements, including Kyolic aged garlic extract; 3 months of supplementation (Kyolic trials); vs. standard anti-hypertensive medications or control	Central blood pressure, pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, arterial stiffness: improved
20 Josa et al. 2024	systematic review	Allicin (garlic preparation); vs. Control group (not reported)	cardioprotective effect: improved
23 Gadidala et al. 2023	systematic review	Garlic powder tablets and aged garlic extract (AGE); vs. randomized controlled trials	Coronary artery calcification (CAC) score: improved (SMD = -1.61; 95% CI = -2.66 to -0.57; p = .003)
33 Varshney et al. 2016	systematic review	Garlic supplements, most consistently aged garlic extract (AGE); vs. Placebo in double-blind randomized controlled trials	Pulse wave velocity (PWV): improved (favorable effects on CAC, CRP, and PWV); Coronary artery calcium (CAC): improved (favorable effects on CAC, CRP, and PWV)
55 Wlosinska et al. 2019	randomised controlled · 122 participants	Aged garlic extract (AGE); 2400 mg AGE daily; 1 year; vs. Placebo, double-blinded	Post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia (laser Doppler): improved (102, 64 (174, 15)% change for AGE and 78, 62 (107, 92)% change for the placebo group (F[1, 120] = 5. 95, P < 0.016))
60 Wlosinska et al. 2020	randomised controlled · 104 participants	Aged garlic extract (AGE); 2400 mg daily; 1 year; vs. Placebo, double-blind, randomized	Coronary artery calcification (CAC) progression: improved (OR: 2.95 [1.05-8.27])
63 Lindstedt et al. 2021	randomised controlled · 93 participants	Aged garlic extract (AGE); 2400 mg AGE daily; 1 year (12 months); vs. Placebo, double-blind randomised	Relative change in post occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH): improved (21.6% (95% CI 3.2%-40.0%, P < .05)); Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) using acetylcholine iontophoresis: improved (21.4% (95% CI 3.4%-39.4%, P < .05))
67 Ried et al. 2016	randomised controlled · 88 participants	Aged garlic extract, 1.2 g containing 1.2 mg S-allylcysteine; 1.2 g daily (1.2 mg S-allylcysteine); 12 weeks; vs. Placebo, double-blind randomized	Central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness: unclear

Further studies in this area: 71 74 75 77 81 83 84 90 93 94 96 97 98 100 102 103 107 110 113 115 118 119 126 130 131 137 144 146 152 157 160 164 167 168 169 170 176 177 188 189 199

Garlic and Black Garlic and Immune Function: Human Studies

Two meta-analyses found lower CRP levels and no difference in IL-6 with garlic; TNF-α decreased overall 2 or with aged garlic extract 29. In randomized controlled trials with aged garlic extract, IL-6 was lower than with placebo 60 85 95, and γδ T and NK cells were more active 56. A systematic review found only one suitable study in which an allicin-containing preparation reduced colds and sick days compared with placebo 11. This is contrasted by results with no difference: with aged garlic extract, the number of colds did not differ from placebo, but they were milder 56. In another study, the proportion of NK cells remained the same 85, in a third, TNF-α and IL-6 showed only trends 90. The overall picture applies predominantly to aged garlic extract; with an extract from black garlic, the inflammatory cytokines did not change 113.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
2 Behrouz et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 7,137 participants	Garlic preparations, form not specified; not reported; not reported; vs. Control groups of included RCTs	C-reactive protein: improved (WMD: -1.6, 95% CI: -2.38 to -0.82 mg/L); Tumor necrosis factor-α: improved (WMD: -3.94, 95% CI: -5.17 to -2.72 Pg/mL); Interleukin-6: no difference (P ≥ .05)
11 Lissiman et al. 2014	systematic review · 146 participants	garlic supplement with 180 mg allicin; once daily; 12 weeks; vs. placebo	number of common cold occurrences: improved (24 occurrences of the common cold in the garlic intervention group compared with 65 in the placebo group (P value < 0.001)); days of illness: improved (111 versus 366); days to recovery: no difference (4.63 versus 5.63)
17 Tang et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Garlic or garlic products, incl. SAC-standardized preparations; 2.4 mg garlic; SAC optimal 0.5-1.5 mg; 8-week intervention in subgroup analysis; vs. conventional medications or placebo	TNF-α: improved (-0.38, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.04, P = 0.03)
29 Mirzavandi et al. 2020	meta-analysis	Garlic supplements, including aged garlic extract (AGE); vs. Control group of the included RCTs	C-reactive protein (CRP): improved (P < 0.05); Interleukin-6 (IL-6): no difference (p > 0.05); Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) with aged garlic extract: improved (P < 0.05)
30 Rouf et al. 2020	systematic review	Garlic and its organosulfur compounds	Antiviral activity and immunomodulation: improved
57 Nantz et al. 2012	randomised controlled · 120 participants	encapsulated aged garlic extract; 2.56 g/d; 45 days (immune cells), 90 days (cold symptoms); vs. placebo, randomized, double-blind	γδ-T cell proliferation: improved (p = 0.039, n = 56); NK cell proliferation: improved (p = 0.043, n = 56)
60 Wlosinska et al. 2020	randomised controlled · 104 participants	Aged garlic extract (AGE); 2400 mg daily; 1 year; vs. Placebo, double-blind, randomized	IL-6: improved (OR 2.56 [1.00-6.53])
85 Xu et al. 2018	randomised controlled · 51 participants	Aged garlic extract (AGE) or placebo capsules; 3.6 g AGE daily, divided, with food; 6 weeks; vs. Placebo, double-blind, randomized, parallel	Serum IL-6: improved (p = 0.04); Serum TNF-α: improved (p = 0.05); Proportion of γδ-T cells in lymphocytes: improved (p = 0.03)

Further studies in this area: 89 90 95 101 113 127 140 177 178 191

Garlic and Black Garlic and Cancer Risk: Human Studies

In people with colorectal adenomas, high-dose aged garlic extract slowed their increase in number and size more than a very low dose in a small randomized study 86 87; two reviews rely on this study 26 40. In a large study in a high-risk region for stomach cancer, garlic did not lower the number of stomach cancer cases, and stomach cancer mortality was only borderline lower 46. Also for the precursors of stomach cancer and in the long-term analysis, garlic brought no confirmed advantage 47 48. One review on diet regards garlic consumption as a protective factor against colorectal cancer 36; another describes cancer-inhibiting effects of garlic's sulfur compounds from laboratory, animal, and clinical studies 27. The forms studied range from aged garlic extract to extracts and oil to fresh cloves; it remains open whether the results can be transferred to other population groups and to black garlic, which was not tested in these studies.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
26 Lee et al. 2021	systematic review	Aged garlic extract (AGE) or garlic as food/supplement; high-dose vs low-dose AGE; 1-year follow-up in the RCT; vs. high-dose AGE vs low-dose AGE; garlic intake vs none	Number and size of colorectal adenomas: improved (P < 0.05); Association of garlic intake with colorectal cancer: unclear
27 De et al. 2021	systematic review	Garlic and derived organosulfur compounds	Anticancer effects across stages of carcinogenesis: unclear
31 Miraghajani et al. 2018	systematic review	Aged garlic and its ingredients	Cancer incidence and indices related to malignancy: unclear (inversely associated with cancer)
36 Hou et al. 2013	systematic review	Garlic (form not specified); vs. Comparison with other diet and lifestyle factors	Protection against colorectal cancer: improved (convincing evidence)
40 Ngo et al. 2007	systematic review	Raw/cooked garlic, aged garlic extract; vs. Placebo or low vs. high intake	Size and number of colon adenomas: improved (29% reduction); Relative risk of colorectal cancer: improved (30% reduction in relative risk)
45 Guo et al. 2020	randomised controlled · 3,365 participants	garlic supplementation (form not specified); 7.3 years supplementation, 22.3 years follow-up; vs. placebo, factorial design with vitamin and H. pylori treatment	gastric cancer mortality in never drinkers: unclear (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.15-0.75); gastric cancer mortality in ever drinkers: unclear (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.55-1.54); interaction alcohol and garlic: unclear (P for interaction = .03)
46 Li et al. 2019	randomised controlled · 3,365 participants	garlic (extract and oil); 7.3 years (1995-2003); vs. placebo in 2×2×2 or 2×2 factorial design	gastric cancer incidence: no difference (0.81, 0.57 to 1.13); gastric cancer mortality: no difference (0.66 (0.43 to 1.00))
47 Ma et al. 2012	randomised controlled · 3,365 participants	Garlic extract and garlic oil (oral supplementation); 7.3 years supplementation, 14.7 years follow-up; vs. Placebo (factorial design with H. pylori and vitamin treatment)	Gastric cancer incidence: no difference (non-statistically significant reductions); Gastric cancer mortality: no difference (non-statistically significant reductions)

Further studies in this area: 48 87 101 152 168 177 181 192

Garlic and Black Garlic, Stomach and Gut: Human Studies

For the stomach and intestines, there is mainly a meta-analysis on allicin from garlic: in addition to standard treatment, it increased the eradication rate of H. pylori and improved ulcer healing 6. In addition, the diversity of the gut flora increased in a randomized controlled trial with aged garlic extract (Kyolic), with more Lactobacillus and Clostridia 90; a review summarizes this finding 9. The strength of evidence is moderate and is based mainly on allicin as an addition to standard treatment and a small study on the gut flora.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
6 Si et al. 2019	meta-analysis · 867 participants	Allicin from garlic as add-on therapy; vs. Control group without allicin add-on	H. pylori eradication rate: improved (93.33%, 406/435); Ulcer healing rate: improved (86.17%, 349/405); Total remission rate of peptic ulcers: improved (97.16%)
90 Ried et al. 2018	randomised controlled · 49 participants	Kyolic aged garlic extract (1.2 g, 1.2 mg S-allylcysteine); 1.2 g daily containing 1.2 mg S-allylcysteine; 12 weeks; vs. placebo, double-blind randomized	microbial richness and diversity, Lactobacillus and Clostridia: improved
114 Ettehad-Marvasti et al. 2022	randomised controlled	Allium sativum powder, 1100 mcg allicin per tablet; two tablets daily; 2 months; vs. placebo	Akkermansia frequency: unclear (decreasing trend); Faecalibacterium abundance: unclear (increasing trend); Bifidobacterium abundance: unclear (increasing trend)
134 Wu et al. 2025	case-control study · 10,035 participants	Garlic intake (form not specified); vs. Participants without garlic intake or without H. pylori infection	Risk of atrophic gastritis in H. pylori infection: worsened (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06-1.83); Risk of atrophic gastritis after H. pylori eradication: worsened (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01-1.32); Risk of atrophic gastritis without H. pylori infection: no difference (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.88-1.46)
149 Martin et al. 2025	case report · 1 participants	Garlic oil plus milk thistle, bromelain, ginger, passion flower, meditation; 1000 mg garlic oil daily; 29 weeks; vs. no control (case report)	abdominal pain, nausea, eructation, flatulence: improved (alleviated)
177 Xu et al. 2023	review	Allicin, a thiosulfonate extract from freshly minced garlic	Intestinal flora: improved
188 Ribeiro et al. 2021	review	Garlic and its organosulfur compounds	Gut dysbiosis: improved
190 Mann et al. 2020	review	Aged garlic extract (AGE); vs. Mechanical and chemical prevention aids, other natural products	Role in prevention of periodontal disease: unclear

Garlic and Black Garlic: Further Outcomes in Studies

In non-alcoholic fatty liver, garlic powder improved liver fat more often than placebo and lowered body weight more 58 59. In randomized controlled studies, garlic preparations lowered fasting blood sugar or insulin resistance more than placebo 58 65 68; aged extract did not change insulin resistance in a small crossover study 97. In heart failure due to coronary heart disease, heart function, ejection fraction and quality of life improved more with black garlic than with placebo 118. The antioxidant capacity in the blood increased more with black garlic extract 113 and black garlic 118 than with placebo. With garlic tablets, markers of oxidative stress improved only compared with baseline 92. Compared with placebo, catalase and glutathione improved with garlic 69 and malondialdehyde improved with aged extract 94; in two small crossover studies with aged extract, such markers remained unchanged 97 102.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
2 Behrouz et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 7,137 participants	Garlic preparations, form not specified; not reported; not reported; vs. Control groups of included RCTs	Fasting blood glucose: improved (WMD: -2.77, 95% CI: -5.25 to -0.28 mg/dL); Insulin: improved (WMD: -1.74, 95% CI: -2.26 to -1.22 mU/L); HOMA-IR: improved (WMD: -0.37, 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.15)
4 Fu et al. 2023	meta-analysis · 999 participants	Garlic supplement, oral form not specified; mean dose used as covariate, value not reported; intervention duration used as covariate, value not reported; vs. placebo	body mass index: improved (SMD (95%CI) = -1.10(-1.90, -0.20)); waist circumference: improved (SMD (95%CI) = -0.78(-1.09, -0.47))
6 Si et al. 2019	meta-analysis · 867 participants	Allicin from garlic as add-on therapy; vs. Control group without allicin add-on	Side effects
7 Wang et al. 2017	meta-analysis · 768 participants	garlic supplement, allicin-standardized; 0.05 g to 1.5 g allicin daily; 1 to 24 weeks; vs. control group	fasting blood glucose: improved (SMD = -1.61, 95%CI (-2.89, -0.32)); fructosamine: improved; glycated hemoglobin: improved
9 Ried et al. 2020	meta-analysis · 553 participants	Garlic supplements, including Kyolic aged garlic extract; 3 months of supplementation (Kyolic trials); vs. standard anti-hypertensive medications or control	Risk of cardiovascular events: unclear (16-40% reduction)
10 Sharifi et al. 2021	meta-analysis · 266 participants	Garlic supplementation (form not specified); examined in trials with less than 1.5 g per day; vs. Placebo	Serum adiponectin: no difference (WMD, 0.27 Hedges' g; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.07, 0.62; p = 0.124)
12 Stabler et al. 2012	systematic review · 87 participants	Garlic as monotherapy, one trial 200 mg garlic powder; 200 mg garlic powder three times daily (second trial); vs. Placebo, partly added to hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene	Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: unclear
13 Ansary et al. 2020	review · 83 participants	Garlic, garlic preparations, extracts and bioactive constituents	biomarkers of different diseases: improved

Further studies in this area: 14 16 17 19 20 23 24 25 28 33 35 38 41 42 49 54 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 66 67 68 69 74 75 78 79 80 84 89 91 92 94 96 97 98 99 100 102 104 105 106 108 109 111 112 113 114 117 118 119 122 123 125 127 129 132 133 135 136 138 141 142 143 145 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 158 165 166 167 168 170 171 175 177 178 179 180 182 183 184 185 187 188 193 194 196

4. How Is Garlic and Black Garlic Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The most frequently tested were dried garlic powder in tablet form 53 59 61 and aged garlic extract in capsules 74 88. Fresh cloves, oil extracts and black garlic have been tested less often as their own preparation 51 120.

Preparation or form	Dose	Duration	Study
aged garlic plus steam-distilled garlic oil	—	7.3 years	42
2 capsules twice daily with 200 mg aged garlic extract and 1 mg garlic oil	2 capsules twice daily, each containing 200 mg aged garlic extract and 1 mg garlic oil	7.3 years	43
capsules with steam-distilled garlic oil and Kyolic aged garlic extract	—	started fall 1995, endpoints 1999	44
garlic supplementation (form not specified)	—	7.3 years supplementation, 22.3 years follow-up	45
garlic (extract and oil)	—	7.3 years (1995-2003)	46
Garlic extract and garlic oil (oral supplementation)	—	7.3 years supplementation, 14.7 years follow-up	47
Aged garlic extract plus steam-distilled garlic oil	—	7.3 years	48
aged garlic extract (AGE)	three AGE dosage groups, amount not stated	18 months	49
Black garlic with or without L. bulgaricus	—	40 weeks	50
Raw garlic, powdered garlic supplement, aged garlic extract supplement	Dose equivalent to an average-sized garlic clove (approx. 4 g) per day	6 months, 6 days per week	51
Allium sativum powder plus Olea europaea oil	—	6 months	52
enteric-coated garlic powder tablet (400 mg garlic, 1 mg allicin)	one tablet twice daily	6 weeks	53
Aged Garlic Extract (AGE)	—	four months	54
Aged garlic extract (AGE)	2400 mg AGE daily	1 year	55
Aged garlic extract (AGE) or placebo	2.56 g AGE/d	90 days	56

5. Is Garlic and Black Garlic Safe? Side Effects in Studies

The studies predominantly report good tolerability; several randomized controlled trials observed no serious side effects 58 59 60 89. Most commonly mentioned were gastrointestinal complaints, bad breath and occasionally skin rash, without occurring significantly more often than with placebo 11 12 17. One review mentions possible hypoglycemia with simultaneous intake of chlorpropamide and lower warfarin levels 41; with aged garlic extract, the bleeding risk with blood thinners did not increase 67.

Study	Reported side effects
2 Behrouz et al. 2026	not reported
3 Long et al. 2023	Adding polyphenols did not increase adverse events
6 Si et al. 2019	No significant differences in side effects observed
7 Wang et al. 2017	no significant difference in complications
9 Ried et al. 2020	Kyolic considered highly tolerable with high safety profile
11 Lissiman et al. 2014	rash and odour
12 Stabler et al. 2012	No serious side effects; 3 cases of slight garlic smell
13 Ansary et al. 2020	Combination with drugs or food matrices safe
17 Tang et al. 2025	Gastrointestinal discomfort and bad breath most common, not significantly more frequent
22 Diantini et al. 2023	Safety of plants confirmed; interactions with remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir, ritonavir noted
23 Gadidala et al. 2023	Garlic described as a safe natural medicine
33 Varshney et al. 2016	Generally safe; rare adverse reactions documented, causality limited

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

Many studies tested aged garlic extract or dried powder; there are significantly fewer controlled comparisons for fresh cloves, oil extract and black garlic 51 120.
The studies on black garlic are small and involve few groups, such as people with mild hypertension, elevated cholesterol or heart failure with coronary artery disease 76 113 118 120.
Individual findings come from mixtures, for example with olive oil, and do not apply to garlic alone 52.
In a meta-analysis on aged garlic extract, a clear effect on blood pressure only appeared at higher amounts 8.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About Garlic and Black Garlic

Garlic is the subject of numerous controlled human studies as a spice and as a tested preparation. The most clearly documented effects are on blood pressure: several meta-analyses found lower systolic and diastolic values 2 9 18 35. Randomized controlled trials with aged garlic extract also showed lower arterial stiffness 74 90. For inflammatory markers and immune cells, studies with aged garlic extract showed lower IL-6 values 60 85 95 and more active NK cells 56 89; a meta-analysis found lower CRP and TNF-α values, but no difference in IL-6 29. For blood lipids, garlic in meta-analyses lowered total and LDL cholesterol as well as triglycerides 2 4 21, while large individual studies found no difference 43 51. For cancer risk, high-dose aged garlic extract slowed colorectal adenomas in a small study 86; in a large stomach cancer study, the number of cases did not decrease, and mortality was only borderline lower 46.

It should be noted that the results refer to the respective form and preparation studied. Aged garlic extract and dried garlic powder are the most frequently tested, while fresh cloves and oil extracts are rarely studied as their own preparation. Black garlic has so far been tested in a few small randomized trials: an extract slightly lowered blood pressure 76 113, and in heart failure, heart function and quality of life improved 118. The usual blood lipid values remained largely unchanged, while HDL cholesterol increased in one study 73 120. One review groups garlic with onion and other allium vegetables, so its results do not apply to garlic alone 32.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has Garlic and Black Garlic been studied in humans?

Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with blood lipids? What the studies show

We evaluated 12 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 23 controlled studies and 21 further studies; the controlled studies include 4,723 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 1 2 4 5

Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with blood pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 12 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 12 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,184 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 2 4 8 9

Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with vascular function? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 27 controlled studies and 18 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,108 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 9 20 23 33

Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with immune function? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 480 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 2 11 17 29

Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with cancer risk? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 6 controlled studies and 6 further studies; the controlled studies include 13,528 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 26 27 31 36

Does Garlic and Black Garlic help with stomach and gut? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 2 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 49 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 6 90 114 134

What is black garlic and does it differ from fresh garlic?

Black garlic is made from whole garlic bulbs stored warm and humid for weeks, which makes the bulb dark and the taste mild; the Maillard reaction takes place in the process. Findings on fresh garlic, powder or aged garlic extract therefore cannot be readily transferred to it. In small randomized trials, HDL cholesterol increased with black garlic 120, blood pressure slightly decreased 76 113, and in heart failure due to coronary artery disease, heart function and quality of life improved 118.

Which preparations were most frequently tested in the studies?

The most frequently studied were aged garlic extract as capsules and dried garlic powder as tablets 43 53 59 61 74 88. Preparations with a stated content of allicin or S-allyl cysteine were also used 62 88. Fresh cloves, oil extracts and black garlic were less often studied as their own preparation 51 120.

How well was garlic tolerated in the studies?

The studies predominantly report good tolerability. Several randomized controlled trials observed no serious side effects 58 59 60 89. One review mentions possible hypoglycemia with simultaneous intake of chlorpropamide 41.

Does garlic affect blood pressure?

For blood pressure, the most and largest studies are available. Meta-analyses found lower systolic and diastolic values with garlic preparations in adults with hypertension 9 17 18 39. Dried garlic powder lowered both values in a meta-analysis 35, aged garlic extract especially the systolic 8. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome, a garlic preparation showed only a trend for systolic pressure and no difference for diastolic 70. An extract from black garlic slightly lowered blood pressure in two small studies 76 113.

What do the studies on blood lipids show?

The results are inconsistent. Several meta-analyses found lower levels for total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides 2 4 21; large individual studies saw no difference 43 51. For black garlic, HDL cholesterol increased compared with placebo in a randomized controlled trial, while total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not change 120.

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Independent beneficial effects of aged garlic extract intake with regular exercise on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women
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Aged Garlic Extract Reduces IL-6: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial in Females with a Low Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
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96
Improved microvascular reactivity after aged garlic extract intake is not mediated by hydrogen sulfide in older adults at risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized clinical trial
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Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study
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Allium sativum L. Improves Visual Memory and Attention in Healthy Human Volunteers
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The effects of acute garlic supplementation on the fibrinolytic and vasoreactive response to exercise
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A Single Meal Containing Raw, Crushed Garlic Influences Expression of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Whole Blood of Humans
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102
Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease
Williams MJ, Sutherland WH, McCormick MP, Yeoman DJ, de Jong SA · 2005
103
Pharmacodynamic interaction study of Allium sativum (garlic) with cilostazol in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Mateen AA, Rani PU, Naidu MU, Chandrashekar E · 2011
104
Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects
Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, Day RO, Roufogalis BD, Liauw WS et al. · 2008
105
Garlic supplementation attenuates cycling exercise-induced oxidative inflammation but fails to improve time trial performance in healthy adults
Tsao JP, Bernard JR, Tu TH, Hsu HC, Chang CC, Liao SF et al. · 2023
106
Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers
Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S · 2003
107
Garlic supplementation and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility
Phelps S, Harris WS · 1993
108
A randomized clinical comparative evaluation of interappointment flare-ups on placing Azadirachta indica, garlic, Triphala, and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament, in primary endodontic lesion
Kishan KV, Shah N, Mamatha KV, Sreekumari L, Parikh M · 2025
109
The effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) extract in improving fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): a randomized single-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
Shaygannejad V, Mirmosayyeb O, Soltani R, Dinani MS, Shfiee M, Mohsenzadeh A · 2025
110
Randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluating the impact of freeze-dried garlic extract capsules on blood pressure, lipid profile, and nitric oxide levels in individuals at risk for hypertension
Rahmatinia E, Amidi B, Naderi N, Ahmadipour S, Ahmadvand H, Pahlevan-Fallahy MT et al. · 2024
111
Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-arm study to evaluate the efficacy of coadministration of garlic as a hydrogen sulfide donor and tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction not responding to tadalafil alone - A pilot study
Bhat GS, Shastry A · 2024
112
Effectiveness of Fortified Garlic Extract Oral Capsules as Adjuvant Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Taghavi MR, Tavanaei Tamanaei T, Oghazian MB, Tavana E, Mollazadeh S, Niloofar P et al. · 2023
113
Antihypertensive Effects of an Optimized Aged Garlic Extract in Subjects with Grade I Hypertension and Antihypertensive Drug Therapy: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Controlled Trial
Serrano JCE, Castro-Boqué E, García-Carrasco A, Morán-Valero MI, González-Hedström D, Bermúdez-López M et al. · 2023
114
Effect of garlic extract on weight loss and gut microbiota composition in obese women: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
Ettehad-Marvasti F, Ejtahed HS, Siadat SD, Soroush AR, Hoseini-Tavassol Z, Hasani-Ranjbar S et al. · 2022
115
Effects of Fermented Garlic Extract Containing Nitric Oxide Metabolites on Blood Flow in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Baik JS, Min JH, Ju SM, Ahn JH, Ko SH, Chon HS et al. · 2022
116
Analysis of dose and duration dependent effects of Allium sativum Linn and other hypocholesterolemic agents exhibited on dyslipidemia in patients with essential hypertension
Ashraf R, Sarwar M, Kamil N, Wahid S, Qureshi A · 2022
117
Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Premenstrual Disorders: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Jafari F, Tabarrai M, Abbassian A, Jafari F, Ayati MH · 2021
118
Black Garlic Improves Heart Function in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease by Improving Circulating Antioxidant Levels
Liu J, Zhang G, Cong X, Wen C · 2018
119
Effects of garlic on brachial endothelial function and capacity of plasma to mediate cholesterol efflux in patients with coronary artery disease
Mahdavi-Roshan M, Mirmiran P, Arjmand M, Nasrollahzadeh J · 2017
120
Reduction of blood lipid parameters by a 12-wk supplementation of aged black garlic: a randomized controlled trial
Jung ES, Park SH, Choi EK, Ryu BH, Park BH, Kim DS et al. · 2014
121
Effect of a traditional Japanese garlic preparation on blood pressure in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults
Nakasone Y, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi H · 2013
122
Aged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study
Gómez-Arbeláez D, Lahera V, Oubiña P, Valero-Muñoz M, de Las Heras N, Rodríguez Y et al. · 2013
123
The role of garlic in hepatopulmonary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
De BK, Dutta D, Pal SK, Gangopadhyay S, Das Baksi S, Pani A · 2010
124
Effectiveness of garlic clove (Allium Sativum) on blood pressure reduction among hypertensive patients
Bharatbhai PD, B M, Subramanian S · 2026
125
Evaluate the Therapeutic Effect of Allicin (L-cysteine) on Clinical Presentation and Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19
Yaghoubian H, Niktale H, Yazdi AP, Ghorani V, Rashed MM, Hashemian AM · 2021
126
Effect of Black Garlic Consumption on Endothelial Function and Lipid Profile: A Before-and-After Study in Hypercholesterolemic and Non-Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Villaño D, Marhuenda J, Arcusa R, Moreno-Rojas JM, Cerdá B, Pereira-Caro G et al. · 2023
127
Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and adenosine deaminase- lowering effects of garlic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity
Kumar R, Chhatwal S, Arora S, Sharma S, Singh J, Singh N et al. · 2013
128
A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids
Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI · 1996
129
Oral post-exercise garlic extract supplementation enhances glycogen replenishment but does not up-regulate mitochondria biogenesis mRNA expression in human-exercised skeletal muscle
Cheng IS, Tsao JP, Bernard JR, Tsai TW, Chang CC, Liao SF · 2024
130
The effect of herbal medicines on platelet function: an in vivo experiment and review of the literature
Beckert BW, Concannon MJ, Henry SL, Smith DS, Puckett CL · 2007
131
Aged garlic extract improves homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in macro- and microcirculation
Weiss N, Ide N, Abahji T, Nill L, Keller C, Hoffmann U · 2006
132
Total mortality risk in relation to use of less-common dietary supplements
Pocobelli G, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Potter JD, Lampe JW, Kolar A et al. · 2010
133
Garlic Consumption and All-Cause Mortality among Chinese Oldest-Old Individuals: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Shi X, Lv Y, Mao C, Yuan J, Yin Z, Gao X et al. · 2019
134
Analysis of garlic intake on atrophic gastritis risk in different infectious states of Helicobacter pylori in a case-control study
Wu J, Zhang J, Jin L, Wei X, Liu Y · 2025
135
Association between use of specialty dietary supplements and C-reactive protein concentrations
Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Vaughan TL, Peters U, Rehm CD, White E · 2012
136
Dietary habits and successful aging in Chinese older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the CLHLS
Wang Y, Song K, Zhao Z · 2025
137
Light-To-Moderate Raw Garlic Consumption Frequency Is Inversely Associated With Thickened Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Population-Based Study
Liu Y, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wu H, Gu Y et al. · 2021
138
Garlic consumption and risk of diabetes mellitus in the Chinese elderly: A population-based cohort study
Du J, Duan Y, Yang L, Cui Y, Liu H · 2025
139
Self-medication to lower LDL cholesterol and to treat statin-associated muscle symptoms in patients with statin intolerance
Stürzebecher PE, Katzmann JL, Gouni-Berthold I, Müller-Kozarez I, Mateev C, Frenzel O et al. · 2025
140
Use of vitamin/zinc supplements, medicinal plants, and immune boosting drinks during COVID-19 pandemic: A pilot study from Benha city, Egypt
Khabour OF, Hassanein SFM · 2021
141
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Four Medicinal Plants for Oral Health of Oral Medicine Patients from a Dental College in Manila
Gonzaga MDT, Santos JKR · 2024
142
Perception of herbs use in treating diabetes among patients attending specialized polyclinics of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah
Alzahrani MA, Alsiary KA, Khan MA, Bushnaq A, Alzahrani B, Salama M et al. · 2023
143
Efficacy and expenses of succimer vs. d-penicillamine plus garlic in the treatment of lead poisoning: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Vahabzadeh M, Balali-Mood M, Banagozar Mohammadi A, Moshiri M · 2021
144
Effect of fermented garlic extract containing nitric oxide on radial artery pulse waves in hypertension patients: a feasibility observational study
Kim J, Kim GC, Kang H, Jeon Y · 2025
145
Bioavailability of Organosulfur Compounds after the Ingestion of Black Garlic by Healthy Humans
Moreno-Ortega A, Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig IA, Motilva MJ, Moreno-Rojas JM · 2023
146
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) oil on exercise tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease
Verma SK, Rajeevan V, Jain P, Bordia A · 2005
147
Allicin Bioavailability and Bioequivalence from Garlic Supplements and Garlic Foods
Lawson LD, Hunsaker SM · 2018
148
Effects of S-Allylcysteine-Rich Garlic Extract and Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Formula on Blood Pressure and Salivary Nitric Oxide: An Open-Label Clinical Trial Among Hypertensive Subjects
Houston M, Chen C, D'Adamo CR, Papathanassiu AE, Green SJ · 2023
149
Combination of Botanicals and Mindfulness Meditation for the Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis: A Case Report
Martin BR · 2025
150
An Unexpected Reaction to Topical Garlic Medicament - A Case Report of Irritant Contact Dermatitis Successfully Managed in Primary Care
Jamaluddin J, Jamil SN · 2023
151
Attenuation of chronic tension headache frequency and severity with daily L-arginine and aged garlic extract dietary supplementation
Chaliha D, Vaccarezza M, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo JC · 2022
152
Dietary Pattern of Garlic and Risk of Chronic Diseases: Evidence From Three Large-Scale Cohorts
Tai X, Luo T, Song K, Zhao H, Chen S, Li H et al. · 2025
153
Allyl Dimethyl Sulfonium: A Novel Urinary Biomarker of Allium Consumption
Steiner L, Raab A, Feldmann J, Goessler W, Lajin B · 2025
154
Assessing the Efficacy of Garlic Pearls Combined with Lycopene Capsules on Mouth Opening in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients
Jain I, Singh V, Jain A, Das S, Das A, Shinde CV et al. · 2025
155
Blistering Bulbs: The Hidden Dangers of Garlic as a Home Remedy
Bunstine R, Lloyd CM · 2025
156
Oxidative Stress in Plasma from Patients with Marfan Syndrome Is Modulated by Deodorized Garlic Preliminary Findings
Pérez-Torres I, Soto ME, Manzano-Pech L, Díaz-Diaz E, Soria-Castro E, Rubio-Ruíz ME et al. · 2022
157
Statin alternatives or just placebo: an objective review of omega-3, red yeast rice and garlic in cardiovascular therapeutics
Ong HT, Cheah JS · 2008
158
Protective Effects of Allicin and Garlic-Derived Interventions Against Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Mechanistic Insights
Sun N, Gao Y, Xing Y, Guo M, Xu X, Hu J et al. · 2026
159
Antihypertensive Plants Used by the Anak Dalam Tribe in Jambi, Indonesia: Ethnobotanical Insights and Pharmacological Potential as Alternatives to Conventional Medicine
Muhaimin M, Lestari U, Hirzan R, Chaerunisaa AY, Khatib A · 2026
160
Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Vascular Function: A Narrative Review
Katsanaki E, Georgiopoulos G, Thymis J, Pavlidis G, Katogiannis K, Nikolaou PE et al. · 2026
161
Therapeutic Potential and Mechanistic Pathways of Plant-Based Supplements and Exercise Training in Blood Pressure Management: An Evidence-Based Review and Research Agenda
Taati B, Badicu G, Vveinhardt J · 2026
162
Recent Nutraceutical Interventions for Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review of Randomized Clinical Evidence
Yanru L, Ulaganathan V, Gunasekaran B, Bhattacharya T · 2025
163
Roles of garlic and its bioactive compounds in modulating cholesterol metabolism
Liang N, Liu JH, Li Q, He Z, Huang X, Chen ZY · 2025
164
The therapeutic effects of natural organosulfur compounds on atherosclerosis and their potential mechanisms: a comprehensive review
Tang Y, Lv, Tao Y, Wang J · 2025
165
Herbal medicine approach to relieving dyspnea: A narrative review of efficacy and mechanisms
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Boskabady MH · 2025
166
Immunomodulatory effect of allium sativum in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mejía Delgado EM, Quiroz-Aldave JE, Durand-Vásquez MDC, Aldave-Pita LN, Fuentes-Mendoza JM, Concepción-Urteaga LA et al. · 2025
167
Navigating the Effects of Anti-Atherosclerotic Supplements and Acknowledging Associated Bleeding Risks
Dobre MZ, Virgolici B, Doicin IC, Vîrgolici H, Stanescu-Spinu II · 2025
168
Exploring the health benefits of raw white garlic consumption in humans: a mini review
Fejes R, Bondonno CP, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Kühn T, Wagner KH · 2024
169
Cardiovascular Effects of Herbal Products and Their Interaction with Antihypertensive Drugs-Comprehensive Review
Nyulas KI, Simon-Szabó Z, Pál S, Fodor MA, Dénes L, Cseh MJ et al. · 2024
170
Advances in the study of vascular related protective effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract and compounds
Lu M, Pan J, Hu Y, Ding L, Li Y, Cui X et al. · 2024
171
Assessment of Supplementation with Different Biomolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19
González-Acedo A, Manzano-Moreno FJ, García-Recio E, Ruiz C, Luna-Bertos E, Costela-Ruiz VJ · 2024
172
Garlic and Hypertension: Efficacy, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Implications
Sleiman C, Daou RM, Al Hazzouri A, Hamdan Z, Ghadieh HE, Harbieh B et al. · 2024
173
A historical, evidence-based, and narrative review on commonly used dietary supplements in lipid-lowering
Grant JK, Dangl M, Ndumele CE, Michos ED, Martin SS · 2024
174
Efficacy, side effects, adherence, affordability, and procurement of dietary supplements for treating hypercholesterolemia: a narrative review
von Känel-Cordoba I, Wirnitzer K, Weiss K, Nikolaidis PT, Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L et al. · 2024
175
The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature. Part II
Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Maffioli P · 2024
176
The Use of Medicinal Plants in Blood Vessel Diseases: The Influence of Gender
Froldi G · 2023
177
Current studies and potential future research directions on biological effects and related mechanisms of allicin
Xu S, Liao Y, Wang Q, Liu L, Yang W · 2023
178
A review on the immunomodulatory properties of functional nutraceuticals as dietary interventions for children to combat COVID-19 related infections
Soni S, Paari KA · 2023
179
A Scoping Review of the Clinical Evidence for the Health Benefits of Culinary Doses of Herbs and Spices for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome
Mackonochie M, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Mills S, Rolfe V · 2023
180
Could Natural Products Help in the Control of Obesity? Current Insights and Future Perspectives
Park J, Nurkolis F, Won H, Yang J, Oh D, Jo H et al. · 2023
181
Allicin in Digestive System Cancer: From Biological Effects to Clinical Treatment
Zhou Y, Li X, Luo W, Zhu J, Zhao J, Wang M et al. · 2022
182
Herbal Medicines-Are They Effective and Safe during Pregnancy?
Sarecka-Hujar B, Szulc-Musioł B · 2022
183
Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Garlic in Age-Related Neurological Disorders
Ahangar-Sirous R, Poudineh M, Ansari A, Nili A, Dana SMMA, Nasiri Z et al. · 2022
184
Dietary supplements and bleeding
Hatfield J, Saad S, Housewright C · 2022
185
Aged garlic extract as a potential prophylactic to reduce the progression of endometriosis and associated pain burden
Redwood E, Lam V, Takechi R, Kerr DA, Jackaman C, Sharif A et al. · 2022
186
Nutraceuticals in the Management of Dyslipidemia: Which, When, and for Whom? Could Nutraceuticals Help Low-Risk Individuals with Non-optimal Lipid Levels?
Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Stoian AP, Vrablik M, Al Rasadi K, Banach M et al. · 2021
187
Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review
Ahmed T, Wang CK · 2021
188
From the distinctive smell to therapeutic effects: Garlic for cardiovascular, hepatic, gut, diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Ribeiro M, Alvarenga L, Cardozo LFMF, Chermut TR, Sequeira J, de Souza Gouveia Moreira L et al. · 2021
189
Antioxidant Food Components for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Studies
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190
Periodontal disease and its prevention, by traditional and new avenues
Mann J, Bernstein Y, Findler M · 2020
191
The effects of allium sativum on immunity within the scope of COVID-19 infection
Donma MM, Donma O · 2020
192
Garlic and onions: their cancer prevention properties
Nicastro HL, Ross SA, Milner JA · 2015
193
Garlic as an anti-diabetic agent: recent progress and patent reviews
Padiya R, Banerjee SK, Banerjee SK · 2013
194
Herb-drug interactions: focus on metabolic enzymes and transporters
Choi YH, Chin YW, Kim YG · 2011
195
Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of dyslipidemia
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196
A review of antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease
Frank B, Gupta S · 2005
197
Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review
Hermansen K, Dinesen B, Hoie LH, Morgenstern E, Gruenwald J · 2003
198
Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of beta-glucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols
Kerckhoffs DA, Brouns F, Hornstra G, Mensink RP · 2002
199
Garlic, onions and cardiovascular risk factors. A review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations
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Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.