Knowledge · Natural Compounds

CBD (Cannabidiol)

Q: Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with pain? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 37 controlled studies and 30 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,014 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [23, 26, 27, 28]

Q: Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with anxiety? What the studies show

We evaluated 7 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 22 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,036 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [11, 17, 20, 25]

Q: Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with epilepsy? What the studies show

We evaluated 13 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 4 controlled studies and 32 further studies; the controlled studies include 835 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [1, 2, 4, 5]

Q: Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with addiction? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 10 further studies; the controlled studies include 323 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [11, 15, 23, 25]

Q: Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with psychosis? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 3 controlled studies and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 98 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [11, 25, 29, 32]

Q: Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with skin? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 47 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [12, 129, 143, 177]

Q: What is cannabidiol and how does it work?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid from the hemp plant that, unlike THC, is not intoxicating. It is the active substance of approved medicines against certain forms of epilepsy. The mechanisms of action are not fully understood, and the effects vary depending on the area of use.

Q: Which forms of CBD were investigated in the studies?

The studies predominantly used oral solutions for ingestion, oil drops, capsules and tablets. In epilepsy, a highly purified oral solution was mainly used as an add-on therapy. Individual investigations also tested topical skin products or inhaled forms.

Q: How safe is CBD?

In the studies, side effects such as fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea and elevated liver values occurred frequently. Some controlled studies found no differences from placebo in side effects. The tolerability depends on dose and concomitant medication; elevated liver values occurred mainly together with valproate or clobazam.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid; in humans it shows clear benefits in epilepsy, mixed findings in pain and sleep, and in anxiety mostly no difference from placebo.

Last updated: 2026-10-15

CBD (Cannabidiol) at a Glance

In severe epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis, highly purified oral cannabidiol as an add-on therapy reduced seizure frequency compared with placebo 9 16 38.

For pain, a single oral dose relieved acute toothache more than placebo 90; for knee osteoarthritis, after ureteral stenting and for nerve damage caused by chemotherapy, no advantage was found 75 76 107. For anxiety, several randomized controlled trials found no difference from placebo 66 95 114 117 123; one systematic review considers anxiety reduction possible 33.

For sleep, sleep quality improved in two small randomized controlled trials 91 131; in insomnia, two further trials found no difference from placebo 125 170.

For alcohol and opioid dependence, cannabidiol did not reduce consumption and craving more than placebo in several randomized controlled trials 95 111 123 135.

We evaluated 327 human studies on CBD (cannabidiol), including 183 randomised controlled trials and 55 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 12,663 participants in total. As of 10 October 2026.

This page as PDF · Summary

1. What Is CBD (Cannabidiol)? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Cannabidiol, or CBD for short, is a cannabinoid from the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa, family Cannabaceae). Unlike THC, it is not intoxicating. It is the active substance in approved medicines for certain forms of epilepsy and is also sold in oils, capsules and skin products; it is studied for anxiety, sleep and pain, among other uses.

Cannabidiol forms in the flowers and resin of the hemp plant, especially in cultivated varieties with a low THC content, known as industrial hemp.

It is obtained by extraction from hemp flowers, usually with supercritical carbon dioxide or alcohol; the extract is diluted in edible oil or further purified into pure cannabidiol. In human studies, the forms examined are mainly the oral solution, capsules, oils taken by mouth, topical products and inhaled forms.

Forms and Preparations Studied

Oral solution
Capsules and tablets
Oil taken by mouth (drops)
Topical product
Inhaled form (vaporised)
Purified cannabidiol (isolate)

Not covered on this page:

THC and cannabis flowers with intoxicating effects
Synthetic cannabinoid drugs with a different mechanism of action
Hemp seed oil, an edible oil from the seeds that contains virtually no cannabidiol
Other cannabinoids such as CBG or CBN

2. What Does CBD (Cannabidiol) Do? Results by Area

Area	Result in controlled studies	Strength of evidence	Studies	Participants
Pain	mostly no difference	high	2 meta-analyses · 37 controlled · 30 other	2,014
Anxiety	mostly no difference	high	7 meta-analyses · 19 controlled · 22 other	1,036
Epilepsy	mixed	high	13 meta-analyses · 4 controlled · 32 other	835
Addiction	mostly no difference	high	2 meta-analyses · 9 controlled · 10 other	323
Psychosis	mostly no difference	moderate	4 meta-analyses · 3 controlled · 7 other	98
Skin	mostly improved	moderate	0 meta-analyses · 2 controlled · 2 other	47
Sleep	mostly no difference	low	1 meta-analyses · 12 controlled · 19 other	2,410
Other investigations	mostly no difference	high	11 meta-analyses · 85 controlled · 70 other	3,706

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Pain: Human Studies

For pain, the picture is mixed: in acute toothache, a single oral dose relieved pain more than placebo in one randomized controlled trial 90. After shoulder surgery, pain was lower only on the first day, and opioid consumption did not differ 73. For knee osteoarthritis, after ureteral stenting and for nerve damage caused by chemotherapy, there was no advantage over placebo 75 76 107. Small studies with preparations for topical application reported less pain in jaw muscle pain and nerve pain in the legs 93 94 128. Muscle soreness and pain thresholds remained without difference in several controlled studies 130 139 154 181. Robust statements on dose, duration and long-term benefit are lacking.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
23 Warren et al. 2026	systematic review	Low-dose oral cannabidiol (≤2.5 mg/kg or ≤175 mg/day); ≤2.5 mg/kg or ≤175 mg/day; PK studies ≤150 mg; single doses 10–160 mg; vs. Placebo or control in randomized controlled trials	Timed walk test and pain in MS: improved (80 mg/day)
26 Walczyńska-Dragon et al. 2025	systematic review	Cannabidiol, topical or intraoral, sometimes with opioids/NSAIDs; highly heterogeneous, not standardized; vs. various controls, inconsistent	Analgesic effect in chronic myofascial TMD and bruxism: improved; Acute nociceptive pain (pulpitis, third molar surgery): unclear (inconsistent results); Enhancement of conventional analgesics (opioids, NSAIDs): unclear
27 de et al. 2025	systematic review	Topical and intraoral CBD formulations; vs. Control in 6 randomized and 1 nonrandomized study	Pain reduction: improved
28 Almuntashiri et al. 2025	systematic review	Cannabis-based medicines including CBD, THC, THC+CBD, CT-3, cannabidivarin; personalized and adjusted, exact dose not reported; study duration not reported; vs. placebo	pain reduction: improved (15 studies); no significant pain relief: no difference (seven RCTs)
30 Reechaye et al. 2024	systematic review	Cannabinoids, including CBD and THC; vs. Placebo	Pain relief (visual analog scale): improved (33% vs 15%); Reduction in sharp pain (neuropathic pain scale): improved
34 El-Mourad et al. 2024	systematic review	THC/CBD combination, CBD-rich extract, nabilone, dronabinol; THC/CBD 17/15 mg/day; CBD-rich extract 31.4 mg/day; nabilone 1.7 mg/day; dronabinol 5-10 mg/day; Dronabinol four days; otherwise not reported; vs. no uniform comparator; observational and RCT data	Opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain: improved (significant reduction in opioid use); Opioid use in cancer patients (nabilone): improved (significant reduction in opioid use); Opioid use in acute pain (dronabinol): improved (significant reduction in opioid use)
35 Lewis et al. 2024	systematic review	Phytocannabinoid preparations incl. CBD, THC, THC/CBD, cannabidivarin; short duration of CBD studies; vs. Placebo	Pain relief with CBD: no difference (no analgesic effect over placebo)
48 Stephens et al. 2022	systematic review	oral or topical CBD; vs. control groups in included studies	pain relief: improved (early positive results); side effects (limited minor side effects)

Further studies in this area: 61 67 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 80 85 90 91 93 94 96 97 99 101 106 107 110 112 118 128 130 133 135 138 139 142 146 154 162 164 171 181 184 187 189 199 201 203 206 208 210 211 217 220 221 223 226 232 233 238 240 241 244 246 247 253

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Anxiety: Human Studies

For anxiety, the picture is mixed: one systematic review considers anxiety reduction compared with placebo possible, but the individual results contradict each other 33. Another describes anxiolytic effects mainly after a single dose, for example in social anxiety disorder 11. One study with various doses, but without a placebo group, saw less anxiety in menstruation-related complaints than before the start of treatment 172. Several randomized controlled trials, by contrast, found no difference from placebo in test anxiety, cancer, alcohol or opioid dependence and bipolar depression 66 95 114 117 123. In highly stressed students, low-dose full-spectrum CBD oil did not differ from placebo oil in any outcome, including anxiety 63. In women with advanced breast cancer, a single dose before an examination missed the primary endpoint, but a few hours later anxiety was lower than with placebo 100. Two reviews included CBD-rich extracts or partly THC-containing preparations; there, the effect cannot be attributed to cannabidiol alone 17 25. Mainly oral solutions, capsules and oils for ingestion were investigated; it remains open which dose, purity and treatment duration are decisive for a possible benefit.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
11 Larsen et al. 2020	systematic review · 927 participants	Cannabidiol formulations; form and purity not reported; Dose and dosing schemes varied significantly between studies; vs. 22 controlled trials (833 patients), 3 observational studies (94 patients)	Anxiolytic effects with acute administration: improved; Effect on social anxiety disorder: improved
17 Pereira et al. 2025	systematic review · 494 participants	CBD-rich formulations (mixture with other cannabinoids); vs. placebo in some studies	anxiety symptoms: improved (reduction in anxiety symptoms)
20 Rutledge et al. 2026	systematic review · 146 participants	Cannabidiol (form not reported); acute effects; vs. Placebo	Brain activation/perfusion in cortical and subcortical regions: unclear; Certainty of evidence (GRADE) (low to very low)
25 Singh et al. 2025	systematic review	Cannabidiol in various formulations; 75–1000 mg, variable; acute dosing, duration not reported; vs. placebo or control, not uniform	Subjective anxiety in psychiatric patients: improved (Decreases in subjective anxiety)
33 Coelho et al. 2024	systematic review	Cannabidiol (CBD); varied dosages; continuous administration (duration not reported); vs. placebo or conventional pharmaceutical treatments	anxiety symptoms: improved
36 Yndart et al. 2024	systematic review	Cannabidiol, oral or vaporized, sometimes with THC; oral 200-1,500 mg single dose or vaporized 13.75 mg; vs. varied trial designs and controls	anxiety and cognition: improved (9 out of 16 analyzed trials)
43 Tang et al. 2022	systematic review	cannabidiol from Cannabis sativa with <3% THC, prescription or non-prescription; 400 µg to 6000 mg; vs. randomized clinical trials, controls not reported	anxiolytic effect: improved
45 Oikonomou et al. 2022	systematic review	Cannabidiol (CBD) or cannabinoid preparations, including nabilone; vs. Placebo or other cannabis formulations	Anxiety and anxiety-induced tremor: improved

Further studies in this area: 49 50 52 63 64 66 86 89 95 97 99 100 105 114 117 123 126 149 157 171 172 173 184 187 188 197 200 201 205 207 212 213 218 223 225 227 241 244 250 255

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Epilepsy: Human Studies

For epilepsy the situation is clearest: with cannabidiol as an oral solution, seizures were halved in more patients than with placebo 9 16 38; reviews confirm this for other severe childhood epilepsies 2 13. Seizure frequency also decreased compared with placebo 7 9 51. Liposomal preparations showed a modest benefit 7; in a small controlled study in frontal lobe epilepsy, more patients improved with liposomal cannabidiol than with placebo, while seizure severity remained the same 179. Slightly more patients became seizure-free with cannabidiol than with placebo 2 9, and in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome the number of seizure-free days increased more 56. The strength of evidence is high because controlled studies and numerous meta-analyses agree. What was studied above all was a highly purified oral solution as add-on therapy to standard treatment (Epidiolex, in Europe Epidyolex), which is approved for Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. A transdermal preparation for application, by contrast, showed no difference in seizure frequency in a controlled study 62. In Dravet syndrome, cannabidiol performed worse in indirect comparisons than stiripentol and fenfluramine 31 46. Adverse events, including serious ones, were more frequent than with placebo 16 38 39; elevated liver values and drowsiness occurred mainly together with valproate or clobazam 7. For mixed preparations with CBDV, THC or combinations, only one review with limited informative value is available 22.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
1 Bilbao et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 12,123 participants	Cannabidiol (CBD) compared with dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols; vs. Placebo or other cannabinoids or comparator groups	Standardized mean difference (SMD): improved (SMD - 0.5[CI - 0.62, - 0.38] high grade)
2 de et al. 2026	systematic review · 2,592 participants	pharmaceutical-grade cannabidiol; vs. Add-on or monotherapy; subgroups by syndrome, age, dose, clobazam	Proportion achieving ≥ 50% seizure reduction: improved (49.9% (95% CI 44.9-55.0)); Proportion achieving ≥ 75% seizure reduction: improved (26.7% (95% CI 22.0-32.0)); Seizure freedom: improved (5.7% (95% CI 4.0-8.0))
4 Peacock et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 1,912 participants	Cannabidiol as novel antiseizure medication; vs. other novel antiseizure medications or placebo	Risk of movement disorders
5 Zhu et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,445 participants	Cannabidiol (pure cannabidiol, oral form); 10 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day; vs. Fenfluramine, clobazam, rufinamide, felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate, deep brain stimulation, anterior corpus callosotomy	Ranking for at least 50% reduction in drop seizures (SUCRA): unclear; Ranking for median percentage reduction in drop seizure frequency (SUCRA): unclear; Likelihood of adverse events (SUCRA)
7 Pratama et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 1,154 participants	Adjunctive cannabidiol, highly purified oral; also liposomal and transdermal formulations; optimal 20 mg/kg per day; vs. Placebo in addition to standard therapy	seizure frequency: improved (pooled RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.71-0.73; p < 0.0001); seizure frequency (liposomal CBD): improved (modest benefit); seizure frequency (transdermal CBD): no difference (no short-term efficacy)
9 Silvinato et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 1,034 participants	Cannabidiol as adjunct treatment; vs. Placebo	Frequency of convulsive seizures: improved (reduces the frequency of seizures by 33%); Patients with ≥50% seizure reduction: improved (increases the number of patients with a reduction ≥50% in the frequency of seizures by 20%); Patients with absence of seizures: improved (increases the number of patients with absence of seizures by 3%)
10 Wang et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 972 participants	oral cannabidiol (CBD); 5, 10, 20, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day; vs. placebo or another CBD dose	antiseizure efficacy: improved (RR: 1.77, 95%CI: 1.28 to 2.44); antiseizure efficacy: improved (RR: 1.91, 95%CI: 1.49 to 2.46); antiseizure efficacy: unclear (RR: 1.61, 95%CI: 0.96 to 2.70)
12 Souza et al. 2022	systematic review · 745 participants	Oral cannabidiol, partly add-on to anticonvulsants; at least one week; vs. Randomized controlled trials with repeated oral CBD administration	Seizures (1.3%)

Further studies in this area: 13 14 16 22 31 38 39 46 51 56 58 62 179 182 183 186 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 198 202 216 219 225 228 229 230 231 234 236 239 243 248 249 251 252 254

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Addiction: Human Studies

In addiction disorders, cannabidiol brought no advantage over placebo in several randomized controlled studies regarding drinking amount and craving 95 111 123 135. Cognition in cocaine dependence also did not improve 81. Only drug cue-induced craving decreased in a small study with a single dose in opioid dependence 161. A full-spectrum oil with traces of THC reduced alcohol craving in a pilot study, while a THC-free oil did not 103. A systematic review describes improvements in substance use disorders with inconsistent study results 11. Another review names cannabidiol alone alongside the THC-containing mouth spray nabiximols among the agents that reduced cannabis use compared with placebo 15; a third evaluated cannabidiol and nabiximols together 52. Mostly oral solutions, individual capsules, isolate, and oils were investigated; the studies are small and short, and information on dose, purity, and accompanying standard therapy is often missing.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
11 Larsen et al. 2020	systematic review · 927 participants	Cannabidiol formulations; form and purity not reported; Dose and dosing schemes varied significantly between studies; vs. 22 controlled trials (833 patients), 3 observational studies (94 patients)	Effect on substance use disorders: improved
15 Vuilleumier et al. 2022	systematic review · 667 participants	Cannabidiol, nabiximols, dronabinol, nabilone, PF-04457845; vs. Placebo	Cannabis use and abstinence: improved; Withdrawal symptoms: unclear; Craving: unclear
23 Warren et al. 2026	systematic review	Low-dose oral cannabidiol (≤2.5 mg/kg or ≤175 mg/day); ≤2.5 mg/kg or ≤175 mg/day; PK studies ≤150 mg; single doses 10–160 mg; vs. Placebo or control in randomized controlled trials	Alcohol craving and impaired control: improved (150 mg/day CBD + 0.41 mg/day THC)
25 Singh et al. 2025	systematic review	Cannabidiol in various formulations; 75–1000 mg, variable; acute dosing, duration not reported; vs. placebo or control, not uniform	Cognition in substance use disorders: no difference (minimal effects)
32 Dammann et al. 2024	systematic review	cannabidiol (CBD), various formulations; vs. no uniform comparison due to review of various study designs	amelioration of substance use disorders: improved
52 Khan et al. 2020	systematic review	Cannabidiol and nabiximols (CBD:THC 1:1); vs. no uniform comparator; graded by levels of evidence	Cannabis withdrawal and cannabis use disorder: improved (Grade B recommendation)
81 Rizkallah et al. 2022	randomised controlled · 78 participants	Cannabidiol (CBD); 800 mg; 92 days; vs. placebo, double-blind, randomized	Visual memory (PRM, correct answers): no difference (p = 0.080); Inhibition (SST, stop signal reaction time): no difference (p = 0.644); Risky decision making (CGT, quality of decision making): no difference (p = 0.994)
95 Bogenschutz et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 57 participants	Oral cannabidiol (CBD); 600 mg/day, increased to 1200 mg/day in Study 1; 4–8 weeks (Study 1), 6 weeks (Study 2); vs. Placebo	Average drinks per day: no difference; Percentage heavy drinking days: no difference; Craving: no difference

Further studies in this area: 103 111 119 123 127 135 150 161 223 224 237 244 255

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Psychosis: Human Studies

For psychosis and schizophrenia the picture is mixed: two systematic reviews see evidence of an antipsychotic effect 11 29, a third mentions promising preliminary findings 49. After a single dose, blood flow in the hippocampus in people at high risk of psychosis lay between the values with placebo and those of healthy people 116. This contrasts with results showing no advantage: a meta-analysis found no superiority of cannabidiol oil over placebo or amisulpride in schizophrenia 53, and a randomized controlled study found no difference in psychotic symptoms in bipolar depression 114. In schizophrenia with cannabis dependence, pretreatment with cannabidiol even worsened memory problems and psychotic symptoms after cannabis use 121. The controlled studies are small and short. Three reviews included various preparations, some with THC or the THC-containing mouth spray nabiximols 25 32 52; there the effect cannot be attributed to cannabidiol alone. What was studied above all were oral solutions and cannabidiol oil; form, dose and purity are not reported in many reviews, and whether standard treatment was given alongside is often unclear.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
11 Larsen et al. 2020	systematic review · 927 participants	Cannabidiol formulations; form and purity not reported; Dose and dosing schemes varied significantly between studies; vs. 22 controlled trials (833 patients), 3 observational studies (94 patients)	Symptomatic improvement in schizophrenia: improved; Cognitive functioning in psychotic disorders: no difference
25 Singh et al. 2025	systematic review	Cannabidiol in various formulations; 75–1000 mg, variable; acute dosing, duration not reported; vs. placebo or control, not uniform	Cognition in psychosis and paranoia: unclear (inconsistent results); Cognition in schizophrenia: no difference (minimal effects)
29 Rajput et al. 2025	systematic review	Cannabidiol (form, dose and purity not reported); vs. THC-containing cannabis or control	Antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties of CBD: improved
32 Dammann et al. 2024	systematic review	cannabidiol (CBD), various formulations; vs. no uniform comparison due to review of various study designs	amelioration of schizophrenia: improved
49 Kirkland et al. 2022	systematic review	Cannabidiol (form, dose and purity not reported); vs. Randomized controlled trials or within-subject studies	Promising preliminary findings for psychotic symptoms: improved
52 Khan et al. 2020	systematic review	Cannabidiol and nabiximols (CBD:THC 1:1); vs. no uniform comparator; graded by levels of evidence	Psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment: improved; Schizophrenia: improved (Grade B recommendation)
53 Kopelli et al. 2020	meta-analysis	Cannabidiol oil; vs. Placebo or amisulpride	Overall symptoms of schizophrenia (monotherapy vs amisulpride): no difference (no statistically significant difference); Overall symptoms of schizophrenia (add-on vs placebo): no difference (no significant difference); Cognition (add-on vs placebo): no difference (no significant difference)
114 Pinto et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 35 participants	Cannabidiol as adjunctive treatment; 150 to 300 mg/day; 8 weeks, monitored to week 12; vs. Double-blind randomized placebo	Psychotic symptoms: no difference

Further studies in this area: 116 121 223 227 244 255

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Skin: Human Studies

For the skin, the evidence is limited: a randomized controlled study with oral cannabidiol oil found no improvement in severity in psoriasis, but reported less itching 129. A small randomized study with nano-encapsulated cannabidiol cream showed less thickening of the epidermis and less DNA damage after UV-A irradiation than a cream without active ingredient; less redness was seen only in a subset of participants 143. A systematic review names rash as a rare serious adverse effect of oral cannabidiol 12. The studies are small and short, and for most skin conditions, robust data are lacking.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
12 Souza et al. 2022	systematic review · 745 participants	Oral cannabidiol, partly add-on to anticonvulsants; at least one week; vs. Randomized controlled trials with repeated oral CBD administration	Rash (1.1%)
129 Roongpisuthipong et al. 2026	randomised controlled · 28 participants	oral cannabidiol oil; 60 mg/day; 8 weeks; vs. placebo	PASI score: no difference; itch score: improved (reduction in itch scores by Week 8)
143 McCormick et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 19 participants	Nanoencapsulated cannabidiol cream (nCBD) vs. vehicle cream; 14 days twice daily, then UV-A irradiation, biopsy after 24 hours; vs. Vehicle cream (VC) on contralateral skin site	erythema after UV-A: unclear (21% of participants had less observed erythema); UV-A-induced epidermal hyperplasia: improved (P = .01); cytoplasmic/nuclear 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 staining: improved (P < .01)
177 Maghfour et al. 2021	randomised controlled	Topical CBD and PEA formulations, CBD alone, hemp seed oil; Patch testing up to 48 h; vs. Negative control	Irritation and sensitization on patch testing; Phototoxicity at 48 h

CBD (Cannabidiol) and Sleep: Human Studies

For sleep, many, mostly small and short studies are available; the results are mixed. Sleep quality improved in two small randomized controlled studies, with a gel for jaw muscle pain and with low-dose CBD in healthy individuals 91 131. In insomnia, two randomized controlled studies found no difference from placebo in severity, time to fall asleep, and subjective sleep efficiency 125 170. A meta-analysis found no effect on sleep quality for cannabidiol alone, but did for other cannabinoids 8. Also in people with a strong tendency to worry and in stressed students, CBD was not better than placebo 63 88. Daytime sleepiness decreased in a small study under cannabidiol, but not under placebo 86; a single dose in healthy students did not change sleepiness 173. In insomnia, measured sleep efficiency after two weeks was better than under placebo, but self-rated sleep efficiency was not 170. In addition, the form, dose, and purity of the tested preparations vary considerably, and the observation periods are mostly short.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
6 Samanta et al. 2026	systematic review · 1,343 participants	highly purified cannabidiol oral solution (Epidiolex/Epidyolex); vs. no comparator; change after CBD initiation	sleep: unclear (n = 2/2)
8 da et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,077 participants	Cannabinoids, including CBD and non-CBD cannabinoids; vs. Placebo	Sleep quality with CBD-only therapy: no difference (SMD 0.13; 95 % CI -0.38-0.65; p = 0.61)
17 Pereira et al. 2025	systematic review · 494 participants	CBD-rich formulations (mixture with other cannabinoids); vs. placebo in some studies	sleep: improved (modest benefits)
23 Warren et al. 2026	systematic review	Low-dose oral cannabidiol (≤2.5 mg/kg or ≤175 mg/day); ≤2.5 mg/kg or ≤175 mg/day; PK studies ≤150 mg; single doses 10–160 mg; vs. Placebo or control in randomized controlled trials	Sleep duration: improved (160 mg)
41 Ranum et al. 2023	systematic review	CBD-predominant therapy or nearly equal CBD:THC ratio; vs. no uniform comparison, studies with hypothesis testing	improvement in insomnia symptoms: improved (All studies reported improvement in the insomnia symptoms of at least a portion of their participants.); significant improvement in insomnia outcomes (CBD-predominant): improved (4 of 7 studies); significant improvement in insomnia outcomes (nearly equal CBD:THC): improved (12 of 16 studies)
47 Velzeboer et al. 2022	systematic review	Cannabis products containing cannabidiol and/or tetrahydrocannabinol; vs. cannabidiol versus tetrahydrocannabinol, no significant differences	sleep improvement in randomized studies: improved (7 out of 19); sleep improvement in uncontrolled trials: improved (7 out of 12); sleep architecture (diagnostic testing): no difference (no improvements in sleep architecture)
52 Khan et al. 2020	systematic review	Cannabidiol and nabiximols (CBD:THC 1:1); vs. no uniform comparator; graded by levels of evidence	Insomnia: unclear (Grade C recommendation)
54 Saleska et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 1,793 participants	Capsules with 15 mg CBD isolate or mixtures; 15 mg CBD daily; 4 weeks; vs. CBD isolate vs. CBD+CBN, CBD+CBN+CBC, melatonin, melatonin+...	Sleep disturbance (PROMIS Sleep Disturbance SF 8A): unclear (p < 0.001); Clinically important improvement in sleep quality: unclear (56% to 75%); Comparison CBD isolate vs. CBD+CBN/CBC: no difference

Further studies in this area: 63 80 86 88 91 93 97 129 131 170 173 183 187 188 189 205 213 216 218 220 223 241 244 250

CBD (Cannabidiol): Further Outcomes in Studies

Further studies address very different questions, such as blood pressure, inflammation, body weight and liver values. In high blood pressure, oral cannabidiol lowered blood pressure more than placebo in two randomized controlled studies, in one of them already after one day of administration 84 152. In gum inflammation, inflammation values improved more than with placebo in a randomized controlled study 74; general inflammation markers such as CRP did not change in several others 102 134 148 151 175. For body weight, the findings are inconsistent: a systematic review describes rather less appetite and weight 44, in anorexia the BMI increased more than with placebo in a small pilot study 165. Other studies found no difference 102 131 174. In contrast, there are side effects: in meta-analyses and a randomized controlled study, more adverse events occurred with oral cannabidiol than with placebo 9 38 58, in other studies not 7 123 166. Liver values rose more often than with placebo in several controlled studies, also in healthy people 9 60 76; at low dose and short administration, no difference was found 73 147. Mainly oral solutions, oils, capsules and individual skin products were studied. A review on autism examined CBD-rich extracts with other cannabinoids; their effect cannot be attributed to cannabidiol alone 17. What remains open is the transferability to other forms and dosages as well as the question of how the findings behave with longer use and without accompanying standard therapy.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
1 Bilbao et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 12,123 participants	Cannabidiol (CBD) compared with dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols; vs. Placebo or other cannabinoids or comparator groups	Standardized mean difference (SMD) for Parkinsonism: improved (- 0.41[CI - 0.75, - 0.08] moderate grade)
6 Samanta et al. 2026	systematic review · 1,343 participants	highly purified cannabidiol oral solution (Epidiolex/Epidyolex); vs. no comparator; change after CBD initiation	neuropsychiatric function: unclear (n = 9/9 studies); cognitive function: unclear (n = 9/9); use of concomitant antiseizure medications: unclear (n = 7/8)
7 Pratama et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 1,154 participants	Adjunctive cannabidiol, highly purified oral; also liposomal and transdermal formulations; optimal 20 mg/kg per day; vs. Placebo in addition to standard therapy	adverse events (comparable to placebo)
9 Silvinato et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 1,034 participants	Cannabidiol as adjunct treatment; vs. Placebo	Total adverse events (increases total AEs by 12%); Serious adverse events (increases serious AE by 16%); Treatment abandonment (increases the risk of treatment abandonment by 12%)
10 Wang et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 972 participants	oral cannabidiol (CBD); 5, 10, 20, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day; vs. placebo or another CBD dose	treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)
12 Souza et al. 2022	systematic review · 745 participants	Oral cannabidiol, partly add-on to anticonvulsants; at least one week; vs. Randomized controlled trials with repeated oral CBD administration	Gastrointestinal symptoms (59.5%); Somnolence (16.7%); Loss of appetite (16.5%)
15 Vuilleumier et al. 2022	systematic review · 667 participants	Cannabidiol, nabiximols, dronabinol, nabilone, PF-04457845; vs. Placebo	Adverse events
17 Pereira et al. 2025	systematic review · 494 participants	CBD-rich formulations (mixture with other cannabinoids); vs. placebo in some studies	social interaction: improved (modest benefits); core ASD symptoms and behavioral outcomes: improved (greater efficacy compared to placebo in some studies)

Further studies in this area: 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 27 32 36 37 38 40 42 43 44 49 50 52 57 58 59 60 63 64 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 102 103 104 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 118 120 121 122 123 124 126 127 130 131 132 134 135 136 137 140 141 144 145 146 147 148 149 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 163 165 166 167 168 169 170 172 173 174 175 176 178 180 181 183 184 185 187 188 189 191 193 194 195 197 200 201 203 204 205 206 207 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 218 220 222 223 224 225 226 227 232 235 238 241 242 244 245 246 250 253 255

4. How Is CBD (Cannabidiol) Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The studies mainly used oral solutions for ingestion, oil drops, capsules and tablets as well as some topical skin products. In epilepsy, a highly purified oral solution was predominantly tested as an add-on therapy to standard treatment. Individual investigations used inhaled or transdermal forms; the doses are shown in the table.

Preparation or form	Dose	Duration	Study
Capsules with 15 mg CBD isolate or mixtures	15 mg CBD daily	4 weeks	54
Capsules with 15 mg CBD isolate, some plus CBN/CBC/melatonin	15 mg CBD, 5 mg melatonin, 15 mg CBN, 5 mg CBC	4 weeks	55
Plant-derived highly purified cannabidiol (Epidiolex, 100 mg/mL oral solution)	10 mg/kg/day (GWPCARE3 only) or 20 mg/kg/day	14 weeks: 2-week titration, 12-week maintenance	56
Medicinal cannabis: CBD alone or THC/CBD combination	Escalating doses up to 600 mg CBD/day	4 weeks	57
highly purified plant-derived cannabidiol (Epidiolex, 100 mg/ml oral solution)	25 mg/kg/day or 50 mg/kg/day, titrated from 5 mg/kg/day	16 weeks (4-week titration, 12-week maintenance)	58
ZYN002, transdermal cannabidiol gel	250 mg or 500 mg daily (weight-based)	12 weeks	59
Cannabidiol, 5 mg/kg/day (2.5 mg/kg twice daily)	5 mg/kg/day, divided into two doses	28 days	60
Plant-derived cannabidiol tablets	50 mg daily	24 weeks	61
Transdermal cannabidiol	195 mg or 390 mg twice daily	12 weeks double-blind, then open-label extension up to 2 years	62
10% full spectrum CBD-oil, sublingual, over-the-counter	low dose (exact dose not reported)	30 days, 4-week follow-up	63
Nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution 150 mg/mL	—	15 weeks	64
Oral capsules with THC 2.5 mg plus CBD 2.5 mg	Three times daily, days -1 to 5	7 days per cycle	65
CBD oil 100 mg/mL, titrated	0.5 mL once daily to 2 mL three times daily; median selected dose 400 mg/day	28 days	66
Cannabidiol (CBD), partly as THC&CBD combination	CBD max 45 mg/day; THC&CBD 22.5/45 mg/day	6 weeks treatment, then 1-week phaseout	67
oral CBD-terpene formulation, THC-free	300 mg CBD plus 1 mg each of eight terpenes	4 weeks, ≥4 days/week, crossover	68

5. Is CBD (Cannabidiol) Safe? Side Effects in Studies

Adverse events were more common with cannabidiol than with placebo, especially diarrhea, drowsiness, loss of appetite and elevated liver values 12 38 39. In other studies, the side effects did not differ from placebo 7 123 166. Elevated liver values and drowsiness occurred mainly with concomitant use of valproate or clobazam 7 12. Several controlled studies also found elevated liver values in healthy individuals 9 60 76, while others did not with a low dose and short administration 73 147.

Study	Reported side effects
1 Bilbao et al. 2022	Cannabinoids produce different adverse events; low to moderate evidence
2 de et al. 2026	Somnolence, decreased appetite, diarrhea, fatigue, behavioral changes; transaminase elevation with valproate
3 Chou et al. 2025	No difference in withdrawals due to adverse events
4 Peacock et al. 2022	No increased risk of movement disorders with cannabidiol
5 Zhu et al. 2025	Cannabidiol 20 mg/kg/day most likely to induce adverse events; cannabidiol 10 mg/kg/day second for serious adverse reactions
6 Samanta et al. 2026	gastrointestinal, most commonly diarrhea (17-34%), vomiting (5-50%), decreased appetite (7-20%)
7 Pratama et al. 2026	mostly mild; hepatic enzyme elevations and somnolence more frequent with valproate or clobazam
9 Silvinato et al. 2022	Total AEs +12%, serious AEs +16%, treatment abandonment +12%, transaminase elevation +15%
10 Wang et al. 2024	TEAEs: no significant difference between doses
11 Larsen et al. 2020	Overall well tolerated with mild side effects
12 Souza et al. 2022	Gastrointestinal 59.5%, somnolence 16.7%, appetite loss 16.5%, hypertransaminasemia 12.8%
13 Saranti et al. 2025	somnolence, loss of appetite, diarrhea, fatigue, increased serum aminotransferases; mostly mild to moderate and reversible

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

Many controlled studies are small and short, which limits the transferability of the results.
The form, dose and purity of cannabidiol vary considerably between studies, which makes a direct comparison difficult.
For combination products with THC or other cannabinoids, the effect cannot be attributed to cannabidiol alone.
Long-term data on benefits and safety are largely lacking.
Whether a concomitant standard therapy was given is often unclear and influences the results.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About CBD (Cannabidiol)

In controlled studies in humans, cannabidiol as an add-on therapy shows a clear improvement in seizure control in epilepsy. In pain and sleep, the findings are mixed; in anxiety and substance use disorders, controlled studies mostly showed no advantage over placebo. The strength of the evidence is limited by small, short studies and inconsistent preparations. With mixed preparations containing THC or other cannabinoids, it is not possible to attribute the effect to cannabidiol alone.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has CBD (cannabidiol) been studied in humans?

Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with pain? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 37 controlled studies and 30 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,014 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 23 26 27 28

Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with anxiety? What the studies show

We evaluated 7 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 22 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,036 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 11 17 20 25

Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with epilepsy? What the studies show

We evaluated 13 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 4 controlled studies and 32 further studies; the controlled studies include 835 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 1 2 4 5

Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with addiction? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 9 controlled studies and 10 further studies; the controlled studies include 323 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 11 15 23 25

Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with psychosis? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 3 controlled studies and 7 further studies; the controlled studies include 98 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 11 25 29 32

Does CBD (cannabidiol) help with skin? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 47 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 12 129 143 177

What is cannabidiol and how does it work?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid from the hemp plant that, unlike THC, is not intoxicating. It is the active substance of approved medicines against certain forms of epilepsy. The mechanisms of action are not fully understood, and the effects vary depending on the area of use.

Which forms of CBD were investigated in the studies?

The studies predominantly used oral solutions for ingestion, oil drops, capsules and tablets. In epilepsy, a highly purified oral solution was mainly used as an add-on therapy. Individual investigations also tested topical skin products or inhaled forms.

How safe is CBD?

In the studies, side effects such as fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea and elevated liver values occurred frequently. Some controlled studies found no differences from placebo in side effects. The tolerability depends on dose and concomitant medication; elevated liver values occurred mainly together with valproate or clobazam.

Are there studies on CBD for anxiety?

Yes, several controlled studies investigated CBD for anxiety. Most found no difference from placebo; evidence of an effect comes mainly from reviews and trials with a single dose. The results are mixed, and the studies are often small and short.

Can CBD help with sleep problems?

Two small studies found better sleep quality, one of them with a gel for topical application. Other studies saw no difference from placebo in insomnia. The findings are mixed and the observation periods are usually short.

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Limited Impact of Cannabidiol on Health-related Quality of Life of People With Long-term Controlled HIV: A Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
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80
Topical Cannabidiol (CBD) After Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain or Opioid Use: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial
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Acute behavioural effects of low-dose cannabidiol: A randomised crossover trial in healthy volunteers
Chester LA, Hebert FO, Lachance-Touchette P, Mahroug A, Abboud A, McCrea TP et al. · 2026
83
Sex-specific association between low oral doses of cannabidiol (CBD) and plasma concentration of anandamide (AEA), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) in healthy occasional cannabis users
Abboud A, Chester LA, Hébert FO, Jutras-Aswad D · 2026
84
Chronic Effects of Oral Cannabidiol Delivery on 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients with Hypertension (HYPER-H21-4): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Crossover Study
Dujic G, Kumric M, Vrdoljak J, Dujic Z, Bozic J · 2024
85
Efficacy and safety of topical 0.1% cannabidiol for managing recurrent aphthous ulcers: a randomized controlled trial
Umpreecha C, Bhalang K, Charnvanich D, Luckanagul J · 2023
86
Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Mitigates Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue in Patients with Primary Hypertension: Insights from a Randomized Crossover Trial
Dujic G, Kumric M, Vrdoljak J, Sutlovic D, Dujic Z, Bozic J · 2025
87
Absence of Evidence for Sustained Effects of Daily Cannabidiol Administration on Anandamide Plasma Concentration in Individuals with Cocaine Use Disorder: Exploratory Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Hebert FO, Mongeau-Pérusse V, Rizkallah E, Mahroug A, Bakouni H, Morissette F et al. · 2025
88
The effects of cannabidiol on sleep disturbances within a sample of high trait worriers: A double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial
Gournay LR, Ferretti ML, Dickens HB, Floyd V, Fernandez DA, Rathbun E et al. · 2026
89
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled test of the effects of cannabidiol on fear elicited by a 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air breathing challenge
Leen-Feldner EW, Bynion TM, Eglit GML, Bonn-Miller MO, Gournay LR, Feldner MT · 2025
90
Cannabidiol as an Alternative Analgesic for Acute Dental Pain
Chrepa V, Villasenor S, Mauney A, Kotsakis G, Macpherson L · 2024
91
Expanding the Therapeutic Profile of Topical Cannabidiol in Temporomandibular Disorders: Effects on Sleep Quality and Migraine Disability in Patients with Bruxism-Associated Muscle Pain
Walczyńska-Dragon K, Fiegler-Rudol J, Baron S, Nitecka-Buchta A · 2025
92
Cannabidiol and cognitive functions/inflammatory markers in Parkinson's disease: A double-blind randomized controlled trial at Buriram Hospital (CBD-PD-BRH trial)
Mitarnun W, Kanjanarangsichai A, Junlaor P, Kongngern L, Mitarnun W, Pangwong W et al. · 2025
93
Cannabidiol Intervention for Muscular Tension, Pain, and Sleep Bruxism Intensity-A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Walczyńska-Dragon K, Kurek-Górecka A, Niemczyk W, Nowak Z, Baron S, Olczyk P et al. · 2024
94
Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial
Nitecka-Buchta A, Nowak-Wachol A, Wachol K, Walczyńska-Dragon K, Olczyk P, Batoryna O et al. · 2019
95
Effects of cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder patients with and without co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder: Tolerability but no evidence for efficacy in two randomized proof-of-concept trials
Bogenschutz MP, Blessing E, Dgheim D, Cho D, Zhang J, Laska EM et al. · 2026
96
Oral Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain Disorder of the Temporomandibular Region: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Reeve GS, Kutler RB, Abel A, An A, Fokaidis V, Insel O · 2026
97
The effects of a brand-specific, hemp-derived cannabidiol product on physiological, biochemical, and psychometric outcomes in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial
Mastrofini GF, McFadden BA, Chandler AJ, Lints BS, Cintineo HP, Rhoades ND et al. · 2024
98
Oral cannabidiol for prevention of acute and transient chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
Nielsen SW, Hasselsteen SD, Dominiak HSH, Labudovic D, Reiter L, Dalton SO et al. · 2022
99
The Effect of Cannabidiol on Subjective Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Randomised Controlled Trial
McCartney D, Irwin C, Bawa Z, Palmer B, Sahinovic A, Delang N et al. · 2024
100
Cannabidiol for Scan-Related Anxiety in Women With Advanced Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Nayak MM, Chai P, Catalano PJ, Pirl WF, Tulsky JA, Tung SC et al. · 2024
101
A randomized trial on efficacy of purified cannabidiol on spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients with gait problems: first report in Iran
Mousavi P, Emadzadeh M, Karimikhoshnoudian B, Sahraian MA, Ghaffari M, Shaygannejad V et al. · 2025
102
Effects of Oral Cannabidiol on Health and Fitness in Healthy Adults: An 8-Week Randomized Trial
Flores VA, Kisiolek JN, Ramani A, Townsend R, Rodriguez E, Butler B et al. · 2023
103
A preliminary randomized trial of the safety, tolerability, and clinical effects of hemp-derived cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder
Mueller RL, Hooper JF, Ellingson JM, Olsavsky AK, Rzasa-Lynn R, Bryan AD et al. · 2025
104
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol in Idiopathic and Diabetic Gastroparesis
Zheng T, BouSaba J, Taylor A, Dilmaghani S, Busciglio I, Carlson P et al. · 2023
105
The effects of acute versus repeated cannabidiol administration on trauma-relevant emotional reactivity: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Gournay LR, Ferretti ML, Nguyen AM, Bilsky S, Shields GS, Mann E et al. · 2024
106
High-dose cannabidiol for chronic neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a randomised clinical trial
Robertson RV, Suraev A, McCartney D, Peng A, Meylakh N, Gordon R et al. · 2026
107
Topical Cannabidiol for Established Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy: A Pilot Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
D'Andre S, Novotny P, Walters C, Lewis-Peters S, Thomé S, Tofthagen CS et al. · 2024
108
The Effects of Cannabidiol on the Driving Performance of Healthy Adults: A Pilot RCT
Rudisill TM, Innes KK, Wen S, Haggerty T, Smith GS · 2023
109
Alterations to sphingolipid metabolism from antipsychotic administration in healthy volunteers are restored following the use of cannabidiol
Jieu B, Sykorova EB, Rohleder C, Marcolini E, Hoffmann AE, Koethe D et al. · 2024
110
Cannabidiol Increases Psychotropic Effects and Plasma Concentrations of Δ<sup>9</sup>-Tetrahydrocannabinol Without Improving Its Analgesic Properties
Gorbenko AA, Heuberger JAAC, Klumpers LE, de Kam ML, Strugala PK, de Visser SJ et al. · 2024
111
The neural and psychophysiological effects of cannabidiol in youth with alcohol use disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Kirkland AE, Browning BD, Meredith LR, Robertson E, Herring C, Tomko RL et al. · 2025
112
Randomized, controlled crossover comparison of oral cannabidiol with oral opioid for postoperative PRK pain control
Zhou Y, Swiatek K, Nguyen A, Tuli S, Steigleman WA · 2026
113
Oral cannabidiol did not impair learning and memory in healthy adults
Gebregzi HH, Zeiger JS, Smith JP, Stuyt L, Cullen L, Carsella J et al. · 2025
114
Cannabidiol as an Adjunctive Treatment for Acute Bipolar Depression: A Pilot Study: Le cannabidiol comme traitement d'appoint de la dépression bipolaire aiguë : une étude pilote
Pinto JV, Crippa JAS, Ceresér KM, Vianna-Sulzbach MF, Silveira Júnior ÉM, Santana da Rosa G et al. · 2024
115
Cannabidiol enhances verbal episodic memory in healthy young participants: A randomized clinical trial
Hotz J, Fehlmann B, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJ, Schicktanz NS · 2021
116
Increased hippocampal blood flow in people at clinical high risk for psychosis and effects of cannabidiol
Davies C, Bossong MG, Martins D, Wilson R, Appiah-Kusi E, Blest-Hopley G et al. · 2024
117
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Test of the Effects of Cannabidiol on Experiences of Test Anxiety Among College Students
Stanley TB, Ferretti ML, Bonn-Miller MO, Irons JG · 2023
118
A within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized evaluation of the combined effects of cannabidiol and hydromorphone in a human laboratory pain model
Bergeria CL, Mun CJ, Speed TJ, Huhn AS, Wolinsky D, Vandrey R et al. · 2025
119
Oral cannabidiol does not produce a signal for abuse liability in frequent marijuana smokers
Babalonis S, Haney M, Malcolm RJ, Lofwall MR, Votaw VR, Sparenborg S et al. · 2017
120
Effects of cannabidiol on behavioral and psychological symptoms of vascular dementia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Pessoa RMP, Zuardi AW, Martins-Filho RKV, Rodrigues GR, Hallak JEC, Crippa JAS et al. · 2026
121
Does cannabidiol reduce the adverse effects of cannabis in schizophrenia? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial
Chesney E, Oliver D, Sarma A, Lamper AD, Slimani I, Lloyd M et al. · 2025
122
Influence of Cannabidiol Use on Visual Function and Optical Quality: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Martino F, Ortiz-Peregrina S, Casares-López M, Granados-Delgado P, Castro-Torres JJ, Anera RG · 2025
123
Adjunctive Cannabidiol in Inpatient Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Trial
London ED, Dean AC, De La Garza R, Lachoff H, Mooney LJ, Torrington M et al. · 2025
124
Visual function and vehicle driving performance under the effects of cannabidiol: A randomized cross-over experiment
Ortiz-Peregrina S, Martino F, Casares-López M, Granados-Delgado P, Anera RG, Castro Torres JJ · 2025
125
O049 Insomnia severity and cognitive performance following two weeks’ nightly supplementation with 150mg Cannabidiol (CBD) for primary insomnia
· 2022
126
Effects of Cannabidiol on Social Relating, Anxiety, and Parental Stress in Autistic Children: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
Parrella NF, Hill AT, Enticott PG, Botha T, Catchlove S, Downey L et al. · 2026
127
Safety of Co-Administered Cannabidiol (CBD) and alcohol: a Phase I study
Wolinsky D, Blaine S, Strickland JC, Peters EN, Harrison A, Weerts EM et al. · 2026
128
The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities
Xu DH, Cullen BD, Tang M, Fang Y · 2020
129
Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol oil in psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Roongpisuthipong W, Klangjareonchai T, Kurathong S, Roongpisuthipong A · 2026
130
Topical Cannabidiol Application May Not Attenuate Muscle Soreness or Improve Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Pastina JT, Abel MG, Bollinger LM, Best SA · 2025
131
Eight Weeks of Daily Cannabidiol Supplementation Improves Sleep Quality and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity
Kisiolek JN, Flores VA, Ramani A, Butler B, Haughian JM, Stewart LK · 2023
132
The Acute Effects of Cannabidiol on Physiological and Subjective Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Dose-Ranging Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial
Sahinovic A, Lau NS, Sabag A, Gordon R, Cox AJ, Walker K et al. · 2025
133
Pain response to cannabidiol in opioid-induced hyperalgesia, acute nociceptive pain, and allodynia using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB II)
Dieterle M, Zurbriggen L, Mauermann E, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K, Frei P, Ruppen W et al. · 2022
134
Acute Supplementation with Cannabidiol Does Not Attenuate Inflammation or Improve Measures of Performance following Strenuous Exercise
Crossland BW, Rigby BR, Duplanty AA, King GA, Juma S, Levine NA et al. · 2022
135
An opioid-withholding human laboratory paradigm during opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder and chronic pain: Phase- and dose-dependent effects of cannabidiol
P A Costa G, Sofuoglu M, Compton P, Ranganathan M, Pittman B, De Aquino JP · 2026
136
The effect of cannabidiol on neurometabolite levels in alcohol use disorder
Hurzeler T, DeMayo M, Logge W, Watt J, McGregor IS, Suraev A et al. · 2025
137
Does a broad-spectrum cannabidiol supplement improve performance in a 10-min cycle ergometer performance-test?
Gillham SH, Starke L, Welch L, Mather E, Whitelegg T, Chester N et al. · 2024
138
A Randomized, Open-Label Trial to Assess Feasibility and Tolerability of Topical Cannabis Balms for the Treatment of Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Syndrome (AIMSS)
Zylla D, Idossa D, Borrero M, Napurski C, Dahmer S, Cowger J et al. · 2026
139
Topical Cannabidiol and the Progression Rate of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Alpy A, Yusuff G, Simpson T, Dpt JP, Dpt MA, PhD RO et al. · 2023
140
Effect of caffeine and cannabidiol (CBD) co-administration on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) subjective effects, performance impairment, and pharmacokinetics
Strickland JC, Tilton HE, Patton NM, Vandrey R, Austin Zamarripa C, Spindle TR et al. · 2025
141
The Effect of Cannabidiol 3% on Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia - Six-Month Follow-Up
Alexandri F, Papadopoulou L, Tsolaki A, Papantoniou G, Athanasiadis L, Tsolaki M · 2024
142
Pain response to cannabidiol in induced acute nociceptive pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia by using a model mimicking acute pain in healthy adults in a randomized trial (CANAB I)
Schneider T, Zurbriggen L, Dieterle M, Mauermann E, Frei P, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K et al. · 2022
143
Topical nanoencapsulated cannabidiol cream as an innovative strategy combating UV-A-induced nuclear and mitochondrial DNA injury: A pilot randomized clinical study
McCormick E, Han H, Abdel Azim S, Whiting C, Bhamidipati N, Kiss A et al. · 2024
144
The Effects of Cannabidiol and δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Social Cognition: A Naturalistic Controlled Study
Sainz-Cort A, Jimenez-Garrido D, Muñoz-Marron E, Viejo-Sobera R, Heeroma J, Bouso JC · 2024
145
The Effect of Cannabidiol for Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom Disease in Parkinson's Disease Patients with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Post Hoc Exploratory Analysis of Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial
de Almeida CMO, Brito MMC, Bosaipo NB, Pimentel AV, Sobreira-Neto MA, Tumas V et al. · 2023
146
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Topical Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Thumb Basal Joint Arthritis
Heineman JT, Forster GL, Stephens KL, Cottler PS, Timko MP, DeGeorge BR · 2022
147
Short-term repeated oral intake of low dose cannabidiol: effects on liver enzyme activity and creatinine concentration during intense exercise
Isenmann E, Lachenmeier DW, Flenker U, Lesch A, Veit S, Diel P · 2025
148
Influence of short-term chronic oral cannabidiol application on muscle recovery and performance after an intensive training protocol - a randomized double-blind crossover study
Isenmann E, Veit S, Flenker U, Lesch A, Lachenmeier DW, Diel P · 2024
149
Interactive Effects of Ayahuasca and Cannabidiol in Social Cognition in Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Feasibility, Randomized-Controlled Trial
Rossi GN, Rocha JM, Osório FL, Bouso JC, Ona G, Silveira GO et al. · 2023
150
Cannabidiol and neural correlates of threat anticipation in alcohol use disorder
Hurzeler T, Logge W, Watt J, McGregor I, Suraev A, Haber PS et al. · 2026
151
Short-Term Low Dose Cannabidiol Does Not Influence Glucose Tolerance or the Gut Microbiome in Sedentary Adults with Overweight and Obesity: Pilot Study
Ewell TR, Bomar MC, Abbotts KSS, Kayne BT, Risk BD, Williams NNB et al. · 2026
152
The Influence of Oral Cannabidiol on 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Untreated Hypertension: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Pilot Study
Dragun T, Brown CV, Tulppo MP, Obad A, Dujić Ž · 2023
153
A single dose of cannabidiol increases ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults but does not affect postprandial glucose or lipid metabolism
Johnson DA, Funnell MP, Cable TG, Peden D, McLeod CJ, Wheeler PC et al. · 2026
154
Topical application of cannabidiol for muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage: a randomized, double-blinded pilot study
Mendes A, Cuvelier G, Anthierens A, Locquenies A, Gauchet N, Maboudou P et al. · 2026
155
Steroid Hormone Changes after Short-Term High-Dose Exposure to Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects: An Exploratory Study
Zhang Q, Singleton CA, Melchert PW, Greenblatt DJ, Pothos EN, Markowitz JS · 2026
156
Challenges in conducting a feasibility randomized controlled trial of medicinal cannabis for endometriosis pain in Australia
Chesterman S, Mikocka-Walus A, Sinclair J, Druitt M, Furyk J, Evans S et al. · 2025
157
The Effects of an Acute Dose of Cannabidiol on Health and Two-Mile Time Trial Performance-A Pilot Study
Bell ER, Elias B, Gutierrez SM, Stewart LK · 2025
158
Randomized single-dose crossover comparative bioavailability study of two novel oral cannabidiol (CBD) formulations in healthy volunteers under fed conditions, compared to a standard CBD isolate capsule
Pisak MN, Bereket E, Erenmemisoglu A · 2025
159
Cannabidiol as an Adjunct to Botulinum Toxin in Blepharospasm - A Randomized Pilot Study
Silkiss RZ, Koppinger J, Truong T, Gibson D, Tyler C · 2023
160
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial of Cannabis in Adults with Tourette Syndrome
Abi-Jaoude E, Bhikram T, Parveen F, Levenbach J, Lafreniere-Roula M, Sandor P · 2023
161
Impact of cannabidiol on reward- and stress-related neurocognitive processes among individuals with opioid use disorder: A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over trial
Suzuki J, Prostko S, Szpak V, Chai PR, Spagnolo PA, Tenenbaum RE et al. · 2023
162
Oral Cannabidiol for Acute Post-Extraction Pain: A Randomized Pilot Study
Abidi AH, Kassan M, Derefinko K · 2025
163
Cannabidiol Oil Ingested as Sublingual Drops or Within Gelatin Capsules Shows Similar Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Males
Johnson DA, Funnell MP, Heaney LM, Cable TG, Wheeler PC, Bailey SJ et al. · 2024
164
Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) on reducing pain and functional impairment associated with exercise-induced muscle injury: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility trial
Stauffer JW, Crow JA, Bishop MD, Cook RL, Borsa PA · 2026
165
Cannabidiol in Anorexia Nervosa: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Pilot Study to Test Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Symptom Change
Sahota N, Grelotti DJ, Nguyen T, Kaye WH, Swindle S, Suhandynata R et al. · 2026
166
Drug Interactions in People on Cannabidiol: Is There Cause for Concern?
Downs G, Greer R, Moses G, Gurgenci T, Good P, Hardy J · 2026
167
The effect of nightly use of 150 mg cannabidiol on daytime neurocognitive performance in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Narayan AJ, Hayley AC, Rose S, Di Natale L, Downey LA · 2025
168
Cannabidiol (CBD) Treatment for Severe Problem Behaviors in Autistic Boys: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Trauner D, Umlauf A, Grelotti DJ, Fitzgerald R, Hannawi A, Marcotte TD et al. · 2025
169
Cannabidiol and Its Effects on Patients with COVID-19 Infection
Kuntzman Y, Halpert G, Amital H · 2025
170
Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing
Narayan AJ, Downey LA, Rose S, Di Natale L, Hayley AC · 2024
171
Effect of Preoperative Oral Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract on Anxiety and Postoperative Pain after Endodontic Treatment: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
de Andrade Silva S, Velozo C, de Almeida Souto Montenegro L, de Sousa WV, da Cunha Isaltino M, de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz M et al. · 2024
172
Examination of the effects of cannabidiol on menstrual-related symptoms
Ferretti ML, Stanley TB, Peters EN, Bonn-Miller MO, Irons JG · 2024
173
The effects of cannabidiol on subjective states, cognition, and psychomotor function in healthy adults: A randomized clinical trial
Rudisill TM, Innes KK, Wen S, Haggerty T, Smith GS · 2023
174
Prevention of Taste Alterations in Patients with Cancer Receiving Paclitaxel- or Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy-A Pilot Trial of Cannabidiol
Dominiak HSH, Hasselsteen SD, Nielsen SW, Andersen JR, Herrstedt J · 2023
175
Exploring potential anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal cannabis
Gurgenci T, Kijanka G, Greer R, Huggett G, Good P, Moniruzzaman M et al. · 2023
176
Cannabidiol for Functional Dyspepsia With Normal Gastric Emptying: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Atieh J, Maselli D, Breen-Lyles M, Torres M, Katzka D, Ryks M et al. · 2022
177
Tolerability profile of topical cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide: a compilation of single-centre randomized evaluator-blinded clinical and in vitro studies in normal skin
Maghfour J, Rietcheck H, Szeto MD, Rundle CW, Sivesind TE, Dellavalle RP et al. · 2021
178
Dose-dependent effects of oral cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on serum anandamide and related N-acylethanolamines in healthy volunteers
Couttas TA, Boost C, Pahlisch F, Sykorova EB, Mueller JK, Jieu B et al. · 2024
179
The effect of cannabidiol on seizure features and quality of life in drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy patients: a triple-blind controlled trial
Ebadi SR, Saleki K, Adl Parvar T, Rahimi N, Aghamollaii V, Ranji S et al. · 2023
180
Effects of Cannabidiol Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Intensive Resistance Training
Isenmann E, Veit S, Starke L, Flenker U, Diel P · 2021
181
The Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Noninvasive Measures of Muscle Damage in Men
Cochrane-Snyman KC, Cruz C, Morales J, Coles M · 2021
182
Efficacy of cannabidiol in convulsive and nonconvulsive seizure types associated with treatment-resistant epilepsies in the Expanded Access Program
Flamini RJ, Comi AM, Bebin EM, Chez MG, Clark G, Devinsky O et al. · 2023
183
Caregiver-reported outcomes with real-world use of cannabidiol in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome from the BECOME survey
Berg AT, Dixon-Salazar T, Meskis MA, Danese SR, Le NMD, Perry MS · 2024
184
Cannabidiol use and effectiveness: real-world evidence from a Canadian medical cannabis clinic
Rapin L, Gamaoun R, El Hage C, Arboleda MF, Prosk E · 2021
185
Long-term safety and tolerability of transdermal cannabidiol gel in children and adolescents with Fragile X syndrome (ZYN2-CL-017): an interim analysis of an ongoing open-label extension study
Berry-Kravis E, Hagerman R, Cohen J, Budimirovic D, Buchanan CB, Silove N et al. · 2025
186
Clinically Meaningful Reduction in Drop Seizures in Patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Treated with Cannabidiol: Post Hoc Analysis of Phase 3 Clinical Trials
Specchio N, Auvin S, Greco T, Lagae L, Nortvedt C, Zuberi SM · 2025
187
The proof is in the pudding: patient engagement in studying cannabidiol in mild cognitive impairment
Keck A, Scheuermann JS, Scheerbaum P, Graessel E, Müller-Vahl KR · 2025
188
Assessment of clinical outcomes in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry
Pillai M, Erridge S, Bapir L, Nicholas M, Dalavaye N, Holvey C et al. · 2022
189
Health characteristics of recreationally active female cannabidiol users: a real-world cross-sectional study
Zareba W, Flanagan M, Pojednic R · 2026
190
Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant focal epilepsies treated in the Expanded Access Program
Patel AD, Szaflarski JP, Lyons PD, Boffa M, Greco T, Saurer TB et al. · 2025
191
Placebo response in patients with Dravet syndrome: Post-hoc analysis of two clinical trials
Devinsky O, Hyland K, Loftus R, Nortvedt C, Nabbout R · 2024
192
Dravet syndrome seizure frequency and clustering: Placebo-treated patients in clinical trials
Nabbout R, Hyland K, Loftus R, Nortvedt C, Devinsky O · 2024
193
Use of cannabidiol for off-label treatment of patients with refractory focal, genetic generalised and other epilepsies
Hollander M, Mayer T, Klotz KA, Knake S, von Podewils F, Kurlemann G et al. · 2025
194
Efficacy of artisanal preparations of cannabidiol for the treatment of epilepsy: Practical experiences in a tertiary medical center
Porcari GS, Fu C, Doll ED, Carter EG, Carson RP · 2018
195
Cannabidiol Treatment for Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsies: A Real-World Study in a Tertiary Center
Calonge Q, Besnard A, Bailly L, Damiano M, Pichit P, Dupont S et al. · 2024
196
Real-world evidence on the use of cannabidiol for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy not related to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Espinosa-Jovel C, Riveros S, Bolaños-Almeida C, Salazar MR, Inga LC, Guío L · 2023
197
Effects of Medical Cannabis Treatment for Autistic Children on Anxiety and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors and Interests: An Open-Label Study
David A, Stolar O, Berkovitch M, Kohn E, Hazan A, Waissengreen D et al. · 2025
198
Exploring the caregiver journey through randomized controlled trials in dravet syndrome: insights from a cross-sectional survey
Delattre C, D'Onofrio G, Leiber AE, Nabbout R · 2026
199
The Effectiveness and Safety of Pharmaceutical-Grade Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Mastocytosis-Associated Pain: A Pilot Study
Rossignol J, Hatton S, Ridley A, Hermine O, Greco C · 2023
200
Cannabidiol for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders in Young People: An Open-Label Trial
Berger M, Li E, Rice S, Davey CG, Ratheesh A, Adams S et al. · 2022
201
CBD-Containing Topical Formulation for Localized Pain in Fibromyalgia: A 12-Week Pilot Feasibility Study
Rodríguez-Araya TL, Arias A, Polino L, Ochoa G, Hernández E, Torres X · 2026
202
Purified Cannabidiol for Treatment of Refractory Epilepsies in Pediatric Patients with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy
Pietrafusa N, Ferretti A, Trivisano M, de Palma L, Calabrese C, Carfì Pavia G et al. · 2019
203
Cannabidiol and multi-modal exercise for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in cancer survivors
Vigano M, Kubal S, Habib S, Samarani S, Kasvis P, Koudieh N et al. · 2025
204
Cannabidiol blood metabolite levels after cannabidiol treatment are associated with broadband EEG changes and improvements in visuomotor and non-verbal cognitive abilities in boys with autism requiring higher levels of support
Cazares C, Hutton A, Paez G, Trauner D, Voytek B · 2026
205
Long-Term Treatment for Unspecified Anxiety Disorders with Cannabidiol: A Retrospective Case Series from Real-World Evidence in Colombia
Galvez-Florez JF, Guillen-Burgos HF, Flórez-Puentes CA, Navarro CE, Moreno-Sanz G · 2024
206
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabis-based medicine in a patient population included in a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial
Hansen JS, Boix F, Hasselstrøm JB, Sørensen LK, Kjolby M, Gustavsen S et al. · 2024
207
Phase 2, open-label INSPIRE trial to assess the tolerability and effectiveness of transdermal cannabidiol gel in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (ZYN2-CL-031)
Heussler H, Cohen J, Buchanan CB, Albers DS, Bzdek KG · 2026
208
Topical cannabidiol is well tolerated in individuals with a history of elite physical performance and chronic lower extremity pain
Hall N, James B, Bhuiyan MAN, Crane E, Falgout C, Murnane KS · 2023
209
Cannabinoids for behavioral symptoms in severe dementia: Safety and feasibility in a long-term pilot observational study in nineteen patients
Pautex S, Bianchi F, Daali Y, Augsburger M, de Saussure C, Wampfler J et al. · 2022
210
An open-label feasibility trial of transdermal cannabidiol for hand osteoarthritis
Bawa Z, Lewis D, Gavin PD, Libinaki R, Joubran L, El-Tamimy M et al. · 2024
211
Safety and Preliminary Clinical Outcomes of a Combined Cannabidiol and Sodium Propionate Enema in Refractory Ulcerative Proctitis: An Open-Label Pilot Study
Naftali T, Stein A, Kayless H, Prutchi Sagiv S · 2026
212
Clinical and cognitive improvement following full-spectrum, high-cannabidiol treatment for anxiety: open-label data from a two-stage, phase 2 clinical trial
Dahlgren MK, Lambros AM, Smith RT, Sagar KA, El-Abboud C, Gruber SA · 2022
213
Clinical and Cognitive Improvement Following Treatment with a Hemp-Derived, Full-Spectrum, High-Cannabidiol Product in Patients with Anxiety: An Open-Label Pilot Study
Smith RT, Dahlgren MK, Sagar KA, Kosereisoglu D, Gruber SA · 2025
214
Population Pharmacokinetics of Oral-Based Administration of Cannabidiol in Healthy Adults: Implications for Drug Development
Schultz HB, Hosseini A, McLachlan AJ, Reuter SE · 2023
215
Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series
Elms L, Shannon S, Hughes S, Lewis N · 2019
216
Highly purified cannabidiol (CBD) in CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD): Open-label prospective study
Perulli M, De Gioia A, Ruggiero F, Ascione F, Porto C, Musto E et al. · 2026
217
Exploring the effects of cannabidiol on pain sensitivity using quantitative sensory testing among individuals receiving methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: an open-label, proof-of-concept study
Costa GPA, Suh R, Sofuoglu M, De Aquino JP · 2026
218
Oral Cannabidiol Treatment in Two Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Case Series
Kulpa J, Harrison A, Rudolph L, Eglit GML, Turcotte C, Bonn-Miller MO et al. · 2023
219
Δ9-THC Intoxication by Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Extract in Two Children with Refractory Epilepsy: Full Remission after Switching to Purified Cannabidiol
Crippa JA, Crippa AC, Hallak JE, Martín-Santos R, Zuardi AW · 2016
220
CARE - A Retrospective, Dual-Cohort, 24-Week Real-World Study from the German Pain e-Registry on the Effectiveness and Safety of CBD-Dominant Oral Cannabis Extracts versus THC/Dronabinol in Older Patients with Chronic Pain
Überall MA, Müller-Schwefe PCG, Küster MA, Müller-Schwefe GHH · 2026
221
Cannabidiol Perceptions and Use in the Orthopaedic Patient Population
Lambert B, Hernandez KL, Goble H, Orozco E, McCulloch PC · 2025
222
Topical Cannabinoids for Treating Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy: A Case Series
D'Andre S, McAllister S, Nagi J, Giridhar KV, Ruiz-Macias E, Loprinzi C · 2021
223
Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review
Hsu M, Shah A, Jordan A, Gold MS, Hill KP · 2026
224
Cannabidiol and Alcohol Use Disorders: An Updated Review of Therapeutic Potential
Pince CL, Hetelekides E, Schacht JP, Gowin JL, Bidwell LC, Karoly HC · 2026
225
Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Medical Potential of Cannabidiol in Mental and Neurological Disorders
Șolea R, Șerban E, Călugăr-Solea SF, Mathe E, Blebea NM, Hancu G et al. · 2026
226
Endocannabinoid system modulation in bruxism: a neurobiological hypothesis and translational model of ECS-targeted intervention
da Rosa RA, Caldas RA · 2026
227
Psychiatric effects of cannabidiol, cannabinol, and tetrahydrocannabinol: A narrative review of clinical evidence and risk profiles
Kishi Y, Takumi I, Nakajima-Ohyama KC · 2026
228
Ameliorating Seizures in Dravet Syndrome: A Review of Newly Approved and Investigational Drugs, RNA and Gene-Based Therapies
Balestrini S, Scheffer IE · 2026
229
A comprehensive review of evolving treatment strategies for Dravet syndrome: Insights from randomized trials, meta-analyses, real-world evidence, and emerging therapeutic approaches
Samanta D · 2025
230
Epilepsy, neuroinflammation and cannabidiol What do we know thus far?
Pesántez Ríos G, Perucca E, Striano P, Caraballo R, Pesántez Ríos X, Pascual-Pascual SI et al. · 2025
231
Antiseizure medications for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Comprehensive review and proposed consensus treatment algorithm
Samanta D, Bhalla S, Bhatia S, Fine AL, Haridas B, Karakas C et al. · 2025
232
Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain: Clinical Outcomes, Adverse Effects and Legal Challenges
Sic A, George C, Gonzalez DF, Tseriotis VS, Knezevic NN · 2025
233
The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain
Walczyńska-Dragon K, Kurek-Górecka A, Fiegler-Rudol J, Nitecka-Buchta A, Baron S · 2025
234
State-of-the-art management of Dravet syndrome
Vasquez A, Wirrell EC · 2025
235
Cannabidiol (CBD) and cognitive function in older adults: a mini review
Binkowska AA, Mateja A, Jakubowska N · 2025
236
CBD in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Borowicz-Reutt K, Czernia J, Krawczyk M · 2024
237
Emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cannabis use disorder
Shamabadi A, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Karimi H, Heidari E, Akhondzadeh S · 2024
238
The use of cannabinoids in palliating cancer-related symptoms: a narrative review
Hatfield J, Suthar K, Meyer TA, Wong L · 2024
239
Cannabinoid treatments in epilepsy and seizure disorders
Devinsky O, Jones NA, Cunningham MO, Jayasekera BAP, Devore S, Whalley BJ · 2024
240
Cannabidiol (CBD) Products for Pain: Ineffective, Expensive, and With Potential Harms
Moore A, Straube S, Fisher E, Eccleston C · 2024
241
Clinical Benefits and Safety of Medical Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review on Natural Extracts
Mick G, Douek P · 2024
242
Cannabinoid treatment for the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder
Aran A, Cayam Rand D · 2024
243
Therapeutic and clinical foundations of cannabidiol therapy for difficult-to-treat seizures in children and adults with refractory epilepsies
Reddy DS · 2023
244
The therapeutic potential of purified cannabidiol
O'Sullivan SE, Jensen SS, Nikolajsen GN, Bruun HZ, Bhuller R, Hoeng J · 2023
245
New Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Bipolar Depression
Keramatian K, Chakrabarty T, DuBow A, Saraf G, Yatham LN · 2023
246
Cannabidiol for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine
Marques Azzini GO, Marques Azzini VO, Santos GS, Visoni S, Fusco MA, Beker NS et al. · 2023
247
Can cannabidiol (CBD) help with low back pain?
Kulesza B, Mazurek M, Kurzepa J · 2023
248
A scoping review on cannabidiol therapy in tuberous sclerosis: Current evidence and perspectives for future development
Samanta D · 2022
249
Cannabidiol for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children: a critical review of the literature
Moreira GA, Moraes Neto R, Ribeiro RG, Crippa ACS · 2022
250
Could Cannabidiol Be a Treatment for Coronavirus Disease-19-Related Anxiety Disorders?
O'Sullivan SE, Stevenson CW, Laviolette SR · 2021
251
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Current Status and Future Prospects
Morano A, Fanella M, Albini M, Cifelli P, Palma E, Giallonardo AT et al. · 2020
252
Cannabidiol Treatment for Refractory Epilepsies in Pediatrics
Raucci U, Pietrafusa N, Paolino MC, Di Nardo G, Villa MP, Pavone P et al. · 2020
253
Understanding Cannabis-Based Therapeutics in Sports Medicine
Maurer GE, Mathews NM, Schleich KT, Slayman TG, Marcussen BL · 2020
254
Source of cannabinoids: what is available, what is used, and where does it come from?
Specchio N, Pietrafusa N, Cross HJ · 2020
255
Pharmacological properties of cannabidiol in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a critical overview
Mandolini GM, Lazzaretti M, Pigoni A, Oldani L, Delvecchio G, Brambilla P · 2018

Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.