Knowledge · Natural Compounds

Saffron (Crocus Sativus)

Q: Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with mood and Depressive Symptoms? What the studies show

We evaluated 16 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 42 controlled studies and 25 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,320 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [3, 19, 20, 21]

Q: Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with anxiety? What the studies show

We evaluated 7 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 9 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,147 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [3, 18, 19, 21]

Q: Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with sleep? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 15 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,270 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [9, 11, 21, 28]

Q: Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with sexual Function? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 6 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 470 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [2, 14, 28, 31]

Q: Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with retina and Macula? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 5 controlled studies and 16 further studies; the controlled studies include 276 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: [15, 65, 103, 107]

Q: Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with menstrual Cycle and Premenstrual Symptoms? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, one controlled study and 3 further studies. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: [16, 28, 43, 182]

Q: What is saffron and which plant parts are used?

Saffron is a spice from the dried stigmas of the flower of Crocus sativus, a plant in the iris family. Compounds such as crocin and safranal are the focus of research, and extracts are often standardized to one of these substances [55, 63].

Q: Do human studies show an effect on mood?

Yes, several meta-analyses and placebo-controlled studies found fewer depressive symptoms than with placebo [38, 41, 68, 164]; on the Hamilton scale, there was sometimes no difference [3, 33]. Compared with synthetic antidepressants such as fluoxetine or sertraline, saffron performed comparably, not better [36, 37, 39, 45, 46]. Many studies are small and short; larger studies outside Iran are still pending [46].

Q: Are there findings on anxiety and sleep?

For anxiety, one meta-analysis and several placebo-controlled studies found improvements on anxiety scales, sometimes with extracts, sometimes with stigma powder [38, 66, 78, 106]. However, several controlled studies found no difference from placebo, for example in patients with acute coronary syndrome, in opioid users after detoxification, or after bypass surgery [72, 85, 174]. For sleep complaints, sleep quality and insomnia complaints improved in several placebo-controlled studies [55, 63, 98, 119]; in recreationally active adults, there was no difference [99].

Saffron is a spice from the stigmas of Crocus sativus; human studies show improvements in mood, anxiety, sleep and sexual function.

Last updated: 2026-10-15

Saffron (Crocus Sativus) at a Glance

Several meta-analyses found fewer depressive symptoms than with placebo 36 38 41; on the physician-rated Hamilton scale, by contrast, there was sometimes no difference 3 33.

Compared with synthetic antidepressants such as fluoxetine or sertraline, saffron performed comparably in several meta-analyses, not better 36 37 39 41 46.

For anxiety and sleep complaints, meta-analyses and several placebo-controlled studies found improvements, mostly with standardized extracts, sometimes with stigma powder 9 38 55 66 98 106.

For sexual dysfunction, two meta-analyses and several placebo-controlled studies found improvements, for example in the total FSFI score and in erectile function 14 44 151 152 169. A large open-label comparative study with sildenafil, by contrast, found no improvement in erection 48.

We evaluated 263 human studies on Saffron (Crocus sativus), including 144 randomised controlled trials and 49 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 9,079 participants in total. As of 13 October 2026.

This page as PDF · Summary

1. What Is Saffron (Crocus Sativus)? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Saffron is a spice made from the dried stigmas of the flower of Crocus sativus, a species in the iris family (Iridaceae). It is used as a spice and colouring and is also part of the traditional medicine of many regions. In research, saffron is studied as an extract, powder or infusion, with the stigmas and their constituents such as crocin and safranal at the centre.

The plant grows and is cultivated in dry regions with mild winters. As a traded commodity, the dried stigmas reach the market as threads or as powder.

The stigmas are taken from the flowers by hand and dried; this yields the threads or the powder of the spice. Studies mainly examine extracts of the stigmas, sometimes standardised to crocin or safranal, as well as stigma powder, aqueous infusions and preparations made from the petals.

Forms and Preparations Studied

Dried stigma threads (whole stigmas)
Stigma powder
Aqueous infusion (tea)
Hydroalcoholic extract
Extract standardised to crocin or safranal
Preparation from the petals

Not covered on this page:

Autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), which is confused with saffron because of the similar name and contains colchicine
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), also called “false saffron”
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), sometimes labelled “Indian saffron”
Saffron flavouring and colourants that replace saffron in processed products

2. What Does Saffron (Crocus Sativus) Do? Results by Area

Area	Result in controlled studies	Strength of evidence	Studies	Participants
Mood and Depressive Symptoms	mixed	high	16 meta-analyses · 42 controlled · 25 other	2,320
Anxiety	mixed	high	7 meta-analyses · 19 controlled · 9 other	1,147
Sleep	mostly improved	high	4 meta-analyses · 15 controlled · 5 other	1,270
Sexual Function	mostly improved	high	5 meta-analyses · 6 controlled · 3 other	470
Retina and Macula	mixed	high	1 meta-analyses · 5 controlled · 16 other	276
Menstrual Cycle and Premenstrual Symptoms	mostly improved	moderate	2 meta-analyses · 1 controlled · 3 other	0
Other investigations	mixed	high	23 meta-analyses · 97 controlled · 47 other	5,424

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

Saffron (Crocus Sativus), Mood and Depressive Symptoms: Human Studies

Depressive symptoms improved compared with placebo in several meta-analyses 36 37 38 41 46; two others found the advantage only in the Beck Depression Inventory, not on the Hamilton scale 3 33. Randomized controlled trials confirmed this in adults with depressed mood 68 164, in Parkinson's patients 66 and in adolescents' self-report 78. As an add-on to antidepressants, saffron improved the physician-rated but not the self-rated depression scale 57. Mood improved compared with placebo in adults with depressed mood without a diagnosis of depression 60 110 and after waking in people with unsatisfactory sleep 63. In untrained young men during strength training, the happiness level rose more with saffron than with training alone 171. Compared with synthetic antidepressants such as fluoxetine or sertraline, saffron performed comparably in several meta-analyses, not better 36 37 39 41 46; individual randomized controlled trials also found no difference compared with fluoxetine or sertraline in depressive symptoms 126 145 146 176. Studies in opioid users after detoxification 85, after bypass surgery 174 and in schizophrenia patients taking risperidone 111 found no difference from placebo in depression scores. For response and remission, one meta-analysis found no difference 41, as did comparative studies against fluoxetine 145 146 176. The main forms studied were extracts standardized to crocin or safranal, as well as stigma powder, aqueous-alcoholic extracts, an aqueous infusion and petals. Combination preparations with curcumin, chamomile, Scutellaria baicalensis or several medicinal plants do not allow conclusions about saffron alone 61 62.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Mahmoudi et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 1,769 participants	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation; at least four weeks; vs. Placebo	BDI score: improved (WMD = -4.39, 95% CI: -6.64 to -2.15, p < 0.001); HDRS score: no difference
19 Shafiee et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Saffron (extract/powder, not further specified); vs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)	Reduction of depressive symptoms (SMD): unclear (SMD = 0.10l 95% CI: -0.09 to 0.29)
20 Fazilat et al. 2025	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus) as herbal medicine, form unspecified; vs. Imipramine, fluoxetine and other antidepressants	Efficacy in mild to severe depression: improved; Efficacy compared with antidepressants: unclear (equally efficacious)
21 Han et al. 2024	meta-analysis	Saffron or saffron extracts; 4 to 48 weeks; vs. Placebo or conventional drugs	Depression, pooled effect size: improved (-4.26 (95% CI: -5.76, -2.77)); Depression vs. conventional drugs: unclear (non-inferior)
24 Saxena et al. 2023	systematic review	Saffron (form not specified); vs. Placebo or control (not specified)	Efficacy for mood disorders: unclear
26 Sánchez et al. 2023	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus) as adaptogen; vs. Placebo	efficacy on depression: improved (significantly better performance of adaptogens over placebo)
28 Shamabadi et al. 2022	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus), form unspecified	Efficacy in depression: improved; Effect on postpartum depression: improved
31 Lu et al. 2021	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), various preparations; vs. Controls, mainly placebos	depression symptoms: improved

Further studies in this area: 33 36 37 38 39 40 41 45 46 53 57 60 63 66 68 71 78 83 84 85 86 88 99 104 106 110 111 112 116 120 123 124 126 130 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 153 157 164 166 171 172 174 176 182 190 196 204 205 208 209 212 213 214 218 221 223 225 226 229 230 232 233 234 237 238 246 248 249

Saffron (Crocus Sativus) and Anxiety: Human Studies

For anxiety, numerous randomized controlled trials of saffron as an extract or powder are available, often standardized to crocin or safranal. One meta-analysis found fewer anxiety symptoms than with placebo 38; two others saw the advantage only in the Beck Anxiety Inventory, not on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale 3 33. Placebo-controlled studies found less anxiety in adults with anxiety and depression 106, in Parkinson's patients 66 and in adolescents' self-report 78. In healthy young men, a single dose of extract dampened stress and anxiety in a laboratory test 160. Studies in acute coronary syndrome 72, in opioid users after detoxification 85, in smokers 124 and after bypass surgery 174 found no difference from placebo. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, crocin performed similarly to fluoxetine on the anxiety scale 125, and a meta-analysis found no difference between saffron and SSRI antidepressants for anxiety 19. The data are extensive, but the included studies use different forms, standardizations and doses; many studies are small and short, and combination preparations do not allow conclusions about saffron alone.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Mahmoudi et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 1,769 participants	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation; at least four weeks; vs. Placebo	BAI score: improved (WMD = -5.06, 95% CI: -8.44 to -1.68, p = 0.003); HARS score: no difference
18 Alshdefat et al. 2026	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus), low-dose; approximately 250 mg daily; vs. no uniform comparison; dose-dependent effects	labor anxiety: improved
19 Shafiee et al. 2025	meta-analysis	Saffron (extract/powder, not further specified); vs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)	Reduction of anxiety symptoms (SMD): unclear (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI: -0.22 to 0.29)
21 Han et al. 2024	meta-analysis	Saffron or saffron extracts; 4 to 48 weeks; vs. Placebo or conventional drugs	Anxiety, pooled effect size: improved (-3.75 (95% CI: -5.83, -1.67)); Anxiety vs. conventional drugs: unclear (non-inferior)
28 Shamabadi et al. 2022	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus), form unspecified	Effect on anxiety: improved
33 Ghaderi et al. 2020	meta-analysis	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation; vs. Placebo or control	Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): improved (WMD: -5.29; 95 % CI: -8.27, -2.31); Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS-A): no difference
38 Marx et al. 2019	meta-analysis	Saffron supplementation as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy; vs. Placebo or pharmacotherapy (antidepressants)	Anxiety symptoms vs. placebo: improved (g = 0.95, P < 0.006)
40 Yeung et al. 2018	systematic review	single-herb preparations, including saffron; vs. standard anxiolytics and antidepressants	anxiety symptoms: unclear (benefits comparable to standard anxiolytics and antidepressants)

Further studies in this area: 53 60 64 66 72 78 85 86 106 116 123 124 125 144 160 165 166 172 174 189 190 205 214 218 226 232 237

Saffron (Crocus Sativus) and Sleep: Human Studies

In adults with sleep complaints, saffron improved sleep quality in several placebo-controlled studies 55 63 98 119. Similar results were seen in Parkinson's patients 66 and in sarcoidosis compared with a control group without placebo 79. Insomnia complaints also improved compared with placebo 55 63 98, as did general sleep disturbance in sarcoidosis 79 and measured sleep onset latency in older adults 119. In another study, time in bed and sleep duration increased in the saffron group compared with baseline, but not in the placebo group 90; another found less sleep-related impairment than with placebo 68. A meta-analysis found better sleep quality and longer sleep duration than with placebo, but no confirmed difference in insomnia severity 9. In one study, evening melatonin also rose more than with placebo 63. In recreationally active adults, a controlled study found no difference from placebo, including in sleep quality 99. The forms investigated were predominantly extracts standardized to crocin or safranal 55 63 90 98 as well as stigma powder 66; a mixture of L-theanine, lemon balm, valerian and saffron extract did not improve sleep in a placebo-controlled study 93 94. A meta-analysis rates the certainty of the sleep findings as very low to moderate 9. Forms, doses and comparison conditions differ considerably, and studies on whole stigma threads, infusions and long-term effects are still pending.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
9 Munirah et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 431 participants	Crocus sativus (form not reported); vs. Placebo	Insomnia severity: no difference (SMD: 0.53; 95%CI: -0.05 to 1.11; p = 0.08); Sleep quality: improved (SMD 0.89, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.68; p = 0.03); Sleep duration: improved (SMD: 0.57; 95%CI: 0.21 to 0.93; p = 0.002)
11 Sadat et al. 2023	systematic review · 379 participants	Saffron, crocin, safranal; vs. Placebo	Sleep duration and quality: improved
21 Han et al. 2024	meta-analysis	Saffron or saffron extracts; 4 to 48 weeks; vs. Placebo or conventional drugs	Sleep disorders, pooled effect size: improved (-1.91 (95% CI: -2.88, -0.93))
28 Shamabadi et al. 2022	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus), form unspecified	Effect on sleep disorders: improved
33 Ghaderi et al. 2020	meta-analysis	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation; vs. Placebo or control	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): improved (WMD: -2.22; 95 % CI: -2.73, -1.72)
53 Dormal et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 180 participants	saffron extract (SAFFR'ACTIV) alone or combined with scutellaria extract (SAFFR'UP); six weeks; vs. placebo	sleep quality: improved
55 Schuster et al. 2025	randomised controlled · 165 participants	standardized saffron extract (Safr'Inside™); 30 mg or 20 mg saffron extract; 4 weeks; vs. placebo	insomnia symptoms (AIS): improved (β = -0.95 [95 % CI: -1.79, -0.11], P < .05); sleep quality (SQS): improved (30 mg vs placebo: β = 0.82 [95 % CI: 0.22, 1.41], P = .004; 20 mg vs placebo: β = 1.02 [0.43, 1.62], P < .001)
60 Kell et al. 2017	randomised controlled · 128 participants	affron®, standardised stigma extract from Crocus sativus L.; 28 mg/day or 22 mg/day; 4 weeks; vs. placebo	Sleep quality (PSQI): no difference

Further studies in this area: 63 66 68 79 88 90 98 99 110 116 119 164 205 232 237 238

Saffron (Crocus Sativus) and Sexual Function: Human Studies

A meta-analysis of five studies found an improvement in sexual dysfunction and its subdomains 14, and another found an advantage in erectile dysfunction 44. In fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction, saffron improved the total FSFI score in women compared with placebo, especially arousal, lubrication and pain 151, and erectile function in men 152. In women with sexual dysfunction, saffron was marginally superior to placebo, especially for desire, lubrication and satisfaction 169; a saffron gel improved erection in diabetics 178. In addition to vitamin E, saffron improved women's sexual function more than vitamin E alone 123. In a large open-label crossover study, however, saffron did not improve erection and was clearly inferior to sildenafil 48. For mixtures of saffron with Serenoa repens and Pinus massoniana bark extract 59 as well as with ginger, cinnamon, safflower and Tribulus terrestris 136, the findings do not apply to saffron alone; most studies are small and of short duration.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
2 Borrelli et al. 2018	meta-analysis · 2,080 participants	Saffron as monopreparation (3 RCTs, n=397); vs. Placebo in placebo-controlled trials	Erectile function (IIEF): unclear (mixed results)
14 Ranjbar et al. 2019	meta-analysis · 173 participants	Saffron (Crocus sativus), form not reported; vs. Control groups of included studies	Sexual dysfunction (standardized mean difference): improved (Std diff in means=0.811; 95% CI, 0.356-1.265); Subscales of sexual dysfunction: improved (Std diff in means=0.493; 95% CI, 0.261-0.724)
28 Shamabadi et al. 2022	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus), form unspecified	Effect on sexual dysfunction: improved
31 Lu et al. 2021	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), various preparations; vs. Controls, mainly placebos	sexual dysfunction: improved
44 Maleki-Saghooni et al. 2018	meta-analysis	Saffron (Crocus sativus) as medical treatment; vs. Placebo or control (not specified)	Erectile function (IIEF domain): improved (MD for Erectile function=5.36(p=0.00)); Orgasmic function (IIEF domain): improved (Orgasmic function=1.12 (p=0.007)); Overall satisfaction (IIEF domain): improved (Overall satisfaction=1.23 (p=0.005))
48 Safarinejad et al. 2010	randomised controlled · 346 participants	saffron (Crocus sativus), 30 mg twice daily; 30 mg twice daily; 12 weeks, with 2-week washout between phases; vs. on-demand sildenafil (comparator arm, crossover)	IIEF sexual function domains: unclear (No significant improvements); IIEF-EF domain, mean change from baseline: unclear (+87.6% and +9.8%); partner version EDITS treatment satisfaction: unclear (72.4 vs 25.4, P=0.001)
123 Izadi et al. 2024	randomised controlled · 50 participants	Saffron capsule (Safrotin) and saffron+vitamin E capsule (Safradid); 15 mg saffron in the morning; 15 mg saffron + 50 mg vitamin E in the evening; 8-week intervention, follow-up 4 weeks later; vs. Saffron placebo in the morning and vitamin E 50 mg + saffron placebo in the evening	Overall sexual function score (FSFI): improved (AMD: 4.6; 95%CI: 3.1 to 6.1; p < 0.001); Libido, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction: improved (p < 0.001); Lubrication: improved (p = 0.004)
151 Kashani et al. 2013	randomised controlled · 38 participants	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.); 30 mg/day; 4 weeks; vs. Placebo, double-blind	FSFI total score: improved (p < 0.001); FSFI arousal domain: improved (p = 0.028); FSFI lubrication domain: improved (p = 0.035)

Further studies in this area: 152 169 178 198 219 233

Saffron (Crocus Sativus), Retina and Macula: Human Studies

In a placebo-controlled study in mild to moderate age-related macular degeneration, visual acuity and mfERG latency improved slightly with saffron 65. In diabetic maculopathy, crocin improved visual acuity and central macular thickness compared with placebo at the higher dose 103; in early macular degeneration, saffron increased the flicker electroretinogram amplitude 158. In wet or dry macular degeneration, electroretinogram values increased more after three months than with placebo; in the wet form, the advantage was no longer confirmed after six months 107. In ABCA4-related Stargardt disease, the electroretinogram amplitude remained unchanged with saffron, while it tended to decrease with placebo; visual acuity remained unchanged 155. In a randomized controlled trial, a micronutrient supplement with saffron, lutein, zeaxanthin and other micronutrients improved visual acuity compared with anti-VEGF treatment alone, but this applies to the mixture and not to saffron alone 156. The findings are mixed: several controlled studies, but mostly small groups, short observation periods and different forms and preparations; long-term effects remain open, as does the question of which preparation and dose benefits which macular disease.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
15 Ferrara et al. 2026	systematic review	Saffron, crocin, crocetin (oral); Saffron 20-50 mg/day, crocin 5-15 mg/day, crocetin 7.5 mg/day; 6 weeks to 12 months	visual acuity, retinal electrophysiology, intra-ocular pressure, macular thickness: improved
65 Broadhead et al. 2019	randomised controlled · 100 participants	Oral saffron (stigma powder); 20 mg/day; 3 months, then crossover 3 months; vs. Placebo, double-blinded, crossover	Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA): improved (0.69 letters (p = 0.001)); mfERG latency: improved (0.17 ms (p = 0.04)); BCVA among AREDS supplement users: improved (0.73 letters p = 0.006)
103 Sepahi et al. 2018	randomised controlled · 60 participants	Crocin tablets (main saffron constituent); 5 mg or 15 mg crocin daily; 3 months; vs. Placebo tablet daily	Central macular thickness (CMT): improved (P value = .005; 95% CI, 32.75-126.99); Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR): improved (P value = .012; 95% CI, 0.23-0.69)
107 Lashay et al. 2016	randomised controlled · 60 participants	oral saffron supplement, 30 mg/d; 30 mg/d; 6 months; vs. placebo	OCT results in dry AMD: no difference (P = 0.282); ERG results in dry AMD at 3 months: improved (P = 0.027); OCT results in wet AMD: unclear (P = 0.05)
155 Piccardi et al. 2019	randomised controlled · 31 participants	Oral saffron supplement (20 mg); 20 mg; 6 months, then crossover for further 6 months; vs. Placebo, randomized, double-blind	fERG amplitude: no difference (unchanged); fERG amplitude after placebo: unclear (-0.18 log µV, p < 0.05); fERG phase: no difference (unchanged)
158 Falsini et al. 2010	randomised controlled · 25 participants	Oral saffron supplement (carotenoids crocin/crocetin); 20 mg/d; 3 months, then 3-month crossover; vs. Placebo (crossover)	fERG amplitude: improved (mean change after saffron, 0.25 log μV; mean change after placebo, -0.003 log μV; P < 0.01); fERG threshold: improved (mean change after saffron, -0.26 log units; mean change after placebo, 0.0003 log units)
187 Broadhead et al. 2024	study · 93 participants	oral saffron supplementation; 20 mg/day; 12 months; vs. no placebo; open-label extension, some on AREDS supplements	mfERG response density (rings 1, 2, overall): improved (p<0.001 for all); mfERG latency: no difference (p>0.05 for all); best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA): worsened (1.6 letters worse (p<0.05))
188 Turski et al. 2025	cohort study · 53 participants	Dietary antioxidant supplementation (lutein, zeaxanthin, saffron, N-acetylcysteine); mean observation 2 years (0.5–5.6) for takers, 4.5 years (1–10.3) for nontakers; vs. supplement takers vs. nontakers	Annual growth rate of decreased fundus autofluorescence area: no difference (0.61 ± 0.72 mm2/year for supplement takers and 0.49 ± 0.55 mm2/year for nontakers (p=0.9))

Further studies in this area: 193 194 197 206 215 218 220 226 229 233 239 240 241 247

Saffron (Crocus Sativus), Menstrual Cycle and Premenstrual Symptoms: Human Studies

A meta-analysis found fewer complaints in premenstrual syndrome and less pain in dysmenorrhea 16; an overview of reviews confirms the PMS finding 28. In primary dysmenorrhea, an extract of saffron, celery seed and anise relieved pain intensity and pain duration more than placebo and mefenamic acid; the finding applies to the mixture, not to saffron alone 54. A randomized controlled trial on a PMSoff dietary supplement with saffron and other ingredients reports improvements in symptom scores; this finding also applies to the mixture, not to saffron alone 50. A review reports improvements in dysmenorrhea and menstrual pain 219. A systematic review of Iranian medicinal plants names saffron among the plants that could alleviate PMS complaints 43. Because of the combination products and inconsistently stated preparations, the effect of saffron alone cannot be reliably distinguished; follow-up periods are predominantly short.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
16 Mohammadi et al. 2026	meta-analysis	Saffron (preparation form not stated in abstract); vs. Placebo or control (in included RCTs)	PMS symptoms (SMD): improved (SMD, -0.64; 95% CI, -0.84 to -0.44); Dysmenorrhea (SMD): improved (SMD, -0.51; 95% CI, -1.01 to -0.01)
28 Shamabadi et al. 2022	systematic review	Saffron (Crocus sativus), form unspecified	Effect on premenstrual syndrome: improved
43 Maleki-Saghooni et al. 2018	systematic review	Iranian herbal medicines, including saffron	PMS symptoms: improved (might alleviate symptoms of PMS)
182 Agha-Hosseini et al. 2008	randomised controlled	Saffron capsule (stigma of Crocus sativus); 30 mg/day (15 mg twice daily); two menstrual cycles (cycles 3 and 4); vs. placebo capsule twice daily	Total Premenstrual Daily Symptoms score: improved (significant difference)
192 Smith et al. 2026	case series · 40 participants	Multinutrient supplement with saffron extract, chamomile extract, minerals, vitamins, omega-3; 3 consecutive menstrual cycles; vs. no control (single-arm, baseline vs. cycle 3)	Overall MSQ score: improved (P < 0.0001); Overall symptom severity score: improved (decreased by a mean 50.42%); Individual physical and psychological symptoms: improved (all P < 0.0001)
219 Goyal et al. 2024	review	Saffron extract; therapeutic range, exact dose not stated	Dysmenorrhoea and menstrual pain: improved

Saffron (Crocus Sativus): Further Outcomes in Studies

Several controlled studies and review articles investigated saffron as stigma powder, extract or a preparation standardized to crocin, predominantly in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Saffron lowered fasting blood glucose compared with placebo in type 2 diabetes 95 115 and in schizophrenia patients taking olanzapine 92. Total and LDL cholesterol decreased compared with placebo in one diabetes study 95; triglycerides decreased in metabolic syndrome 133 and with crocin in diabetic nephropathy 138, while other studies found no difference in blood lipids 81 129. CRP decreased compared with placebo in Parkinson's disease 66, multiple sclerosis 165 and smokers 124; one meta-analysis found no difference in CRP 33. The findings are mixed, and the studies differ greatly in form, dose and population; for aqueous infusion or petal preparations, only individual investigations are available.

Study	Design · participants	Preparation · dose · duration · comparison	Result
3 Mahmoudi et al. 2026	meta-analysis · 1,769 participants	Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation; at least four weeks; vs. Placebo	POMS score: no difference
4 Zamani et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 1,674 participants	Saffron supplementation (form not specified); not reported (dose-response analysis); duration of saffron intake (linear with FBG); vs. control groups of included RCTs	Triglycerides: improved (WMD = -8.81 mg/dl, 95%CI: -14.33, -3.28; P = 0.002); Total cholesterol: improved (WMD = -6.87 mg/dl, 95%CI: -11.19, -2.56; P = 0.002); LDL cholesterol: improved (WMD = -6.71 mg/dl, 95%CI: -10.51, -2.91; P = 0.001)
5 Zhang et al. 2025	meta-analysis · 1,486 participants	Saffron supplementation (form not specified); vs. Placebo	Fasting blood glucose (FBG): improved (WMD: -6.67 mg/dL; 95% CI: -10.55, -2.78; p = 0.001); Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): improved (WMD: -0.25%; 95% CI: -0.35, -0.14; p < 0.001); Total cholesterol (TC): improved (WMD: -4.77 mg/dL; 95% CI: -8.83, -0.71; p = 0.021)
6 Karim et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 869 participants	Saffron or saffron extract supplementation; vs. Placebo or no supplementation	Fasting blood sugar (FBS): improved (MD: - 8.75 mg/dL, 95% CI [- 14.75; - 2.76], P < 0.01); HbA1C: improved (MD: - 0.34%, 95% CI [- 0.39; - 0.9], P < 0.01); Triglycerides (TG): improved (MD: - 13.28 mg/dL, 95% CI [- 22.82; - 3.75], P < 0.01)
7 Yan et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 840 participants	Crocus sativus and crocin; vs. Placebo	HbA1c: improved (WMD: -0.31;95% CI [-0.44,-0.19]. P = 0.002); systolic blood pressure: improved (WMD:-7.49;95% CI [-11.67,-3.30]. P = 0.99); fasting blood glucose: improved (WMD:-7.25;95% CI [-11.82, -2.57]. P = 0.002)
8 Liu et al. 2024	meta-analysis · 562 participants	Saffron supplementation; 5 mg/day to 1 g/day; vs. Placebo	Fasting plasma glucose (FPG): improved (WMD = -8.42 mg/dL; 95% CI: -13.37, -3.47; p = 0.001); HbA1c: improved (WMD = -0.22%; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.10; p < 0.001); Insulin levels: no difference
10 Kianmehr et al. 2022	meta-analysis · 421 participants	Crocus sativus and its ingredients (crocin); vs. Control group (placebo or usual care)	Total fat intake: no difference (-0.14; 95% CI: -0.49 to 0.20); Energy intake (crocin): no difference (0.94; 95% CI: -0.77 to 2.65); Carbohydrate intake (crocin): no difference (0.44; 95% CI: -0.74 to 1.62)
12 Avgerinos et al. 2020	systematic review · 325 participants	Orally administered saffron (Crocus sativus); vs. Placebo, donepezil or memantine	ADAS-cog or MMSE in MCI/AD: improved (significantly better when saffron was compared with placebo); ADAS-cog or MMSE in MCI/AD: no difference (did not differ significantly when saffron was compared with donepezil or memantine); Functional status in MCI/AD: no difference (similar with its effects on cognition)

Further studies in this area: 13 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 41 42 44 47 49 51 53 55 57 58 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 91 92 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 150 153 154 159 160 161 162 163 165 166 167 168 170 171 172 173 174 175 177 179 180 181 183 184 185 186 189 191 195 196 199 200 201 202 203 207 210 211 212 214 216 217 218 222 224 226 227 228 229 231 233 235 236 237 238 242 243 244 245 246 249

4. How Is Saffron (Crocus Sativus) Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The main forms studied were extracts standardized to crocin or safranal 55 63, as well as stigma powder 66 and aqueous-alcoholic extracts 95 116. Various studies examined combination preparations with other plants or micronutrients; such findings do not apply to saffron alone 61 62. The doses are shown in the table.

Preparation or form	Dose	Duration	Study
saffron (Crocus sativus), 30 mg twice daily	30 mg twice daily	12 weeks, with 2-week washout between phases	48
saffron (Crocus sativus), 60 mg/day	60 mg/day	26 weeks	49
PMSoff supplement containing saffron and other ingredients	—	two months	50
1 g saffron with three glasses of black tea	1 g saffron daily	8 weeks	51
saffron-honey syrup	maximum 150 ml, from 4 cm dilation, every 30-60 min	until end of active phase of first stage	52
saffron extract (SAFFR'ACTIV) alone or combined with scutellaria extract (SAFFR'UP)	—	six weeks	53
Highly purified saffron, celery seed, and anise (SCA) extracts	500 mg three times a day for three days	3 days per cycle, followed for 2–3 cycles	54
standardized saffron extract (Safr'Inside™)	30 mg or 20 mg saffron extract	4 weeks	55
Iranian regimen containing saffron and other ingredients	—	5 days	56
affron® saffron extract	14 mg twice daily	8 weeks	57
crocin or saffron	—	three months	58
IDIProst® Gold: Serenoa repens, Pinus massoniana Bark Extract and Crocus sativus	one capsule q24 h	3 months	59
affron®, standardised stigma extract from Crocus sativus L.	28 mg/day or 22 mg/day	4 weeks	60
Curcumin extract plus saffron (15 mg twice daily)	saffron 15 mg b.i.d., curcumin 250 or 500 mg b.i.d.	12 weeks	61
herbal tea sachets with 1 mg saffron and 20 mg chamomile	1 mg saffron per sachet, twice daily	one month	62

5. Is Saffron (Crocus Sativus) Safe? Side Effects in Studies

In the studies recorded, saffron was mostly well tolerated 17 21, and side effects did not occur more often than with placebo 36. The most common were mild, mostly self-limiting gastrointestinal complaints 17; nausea, dry mouth, loss of appetite and headache are also mentioned 31. At higher doses or with longer intake, a systematic review describes isolated significant side effects 17. For high doses and occupational exposure, uterine stimulation and an increased risk of miscarriage are noted 18. Details are shown in the table.

Study	Reported side effects
1 Long et al. 2023	Adding polyphenols did not increase adverse events
2 Borrelli et al. 2018	Recorded in 19 of 24 trials, no significant differences vs placebo
4 Zamani et al. 2022	not reported
11 Sadat et al. 2023	Saffron reported as safe
12 Avgerinos et al. 2020	No difference in side effect incidence vs placebo or drugs
15 Ferrara et al. 2026	exceptional safety profiles
17 Hasheminasab et al. 2026	Mostly gastrointestinal, minor and self-limiting; estimated incidence 17.5%
18 Alshdefat et al. 2026	higher doses or occupational exposure: uterine stimulation, increased miscarriage risk
19 Shafiee et al. 2025	Fewer adverse events with saffron than with SSRIs
20 Fazilat et al. 2025	No discernible differences in reported adverse effects
21 Han et al. 2024	well tolerated, few side effects
23 Golsorkhi et al. 2023	Herbal medicines overall relatively safe

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

Many studies are small and short, and the preparations differ in form, standardization to crocin or safranal, and dose 28 31.
Combination preparations with curcumin, chamomile, Scutellaria baicalensis or several medicinal plants do not allow conclusions about saffron alone 53 61 62.
For children and adolescents, larger studies are still pending; a placebo-controlled study in adolescents found improvements mainly in self-report 78.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About Saffron (Crocus Sativus)

Mood and depressive mood are the best studied: several controlled studies and meta-analyses found improvements compared with placebo 31 38 41 66 68 78. Compared with synthetic antidepressants, saffron performed comparably, not better 36 37 41 45 46; one meta-analysis 39 and individual studies 85 174 found no confirmed difference from placebo.

In type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, saffron lowered fasting blood glucose in several placebo-controlled studies, while findings for blood lipids were inconsistent 92 95 115 129 133. For the retina and macula, findings are mixed, with small groups and short follow-up 65 107 158. Combination preparations consistently do not allow conclusions about saffron alone 61 62. Overall, saffron in the preparations studied is mostly well tolerated 17 21; however, many studies are small and short 31.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has Saffron (Crocus sativus) been studied in humans?

Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with mood and Depressive Symptoms? What the studies show

We evaluated 16 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 42 controlled studies and 25 further studies; the controlled studies include 2,320 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 3 19 20 21

Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with anxiety? What the studies show

We evaluated 7 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 19 controlled studies and 9 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,147 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 3 18 19 21

Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with sleep? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 15 controlled studies and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 1,270 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 9 11 21 28

Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with sexual Function? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 6 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 470 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 2 14 28 31

Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with retina and Macula? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, 5 controlled studies and 16 further studies; the controlled studies include 276 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 15 65 103 107

Does Saffron (Crocus sativus) help with menstrual Cycle and Premenstrual Symptoms? What the studies show

We evaluated 2 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, one controlled study and 3 further studies. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 16 28 43 182

What is saffron and which plant parts are used?

Saffron is a spice from the dried stigmas of the flower of Crocus sativus, a plant in the iris family. Compounds such as crocin and safranal are the focus of research, and extracts are often standardized to one of these substances 55 63.

Do human studies show an effect on mood?

Yes, several meta-analyses and placebo-controlled studies found fewer depressive symptoms than with placebo 38 41 68 164; on the Hamilton scale, there was sometimes no difference 3 33. Compared with synthetic antidepressants such as fluoxetine or sertraline, saffron performed comparably, not better 36 37 39 45 46. Many studies are small and short; larger studies outside Iran are still pending 46.

Are there findings on anxiety and sleep?

For anxiety, one meta-analysis and several placebo-controlled studies found improvements on anxiety scales, sometimes with extracts, sometimes with stigma powder 38 66 78 106. However, several controlled studies found no difference from placebo, for example in patients with acute coronary syndrome, in opioid users after detoxification, or after bypass surgery 72 85 174. For sleep complaints, sleep quality and insomnia complaints improved in several placebo-controlled studies 55 63 98 119; in recreationally active adults, there was no difference 99.

How well tolerated is saffron in the studies?

What should be considered with combination preparations?

Several studies examined saffron only as a component of a mixture, for example with curcumin, chamomile or Scutellaria baicalensis 53 61 62. Such findings apply to the mixture and do not allow conclusions about saffron alone. For statements about the effect of saffron, studies that examine saffron as the only active ingredient are therefore decisive, for example with stigma powder or extract standardized to crocin or safranal 55 66.

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77
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78
affron®, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Lopresti AL, Drummond PD, Inarejos-García AM, Prodanov M · 2018
79
Efficacy of a Saffron-Based (Crocus sativus L.) Herbal Supplement on Sleep Disturbances in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: A Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial
Moghimi Dehkordi Z, Salamzadeh J, Tavakoli-Ardakani M, Abedini A, Dastan F · 2026
80
The effect of saffron supplementation on some inflammatory and oxidative markers, leptin, adiponectin, and body composition in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Pour FK, Aryaeian N, Mokhtare M, Mirnasrollahi Parsa RS, Jannani L, Agah S et al. · 2020
81
Effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on lipid profile, glycemic indices and antioxidant status among overweight/obese prediabetic individuals: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial
Karimi-Nazari E, Nadjarzadeh A, Masoumi R, Marzban A, Mohajeri SA, Ramezani-Jolfaie N et al. · 2019
82
Saffron supplements modulate serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Kermani T, Mousavi SH, Shemshian M, Norouzy A, Mazidi M, Moezzi A et al. · 2015
83
A placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depression
Akhondzadeh S, Mostafavi SA, Keshavarz SA, Mohammadi MR, Hosseini S, Eshraghian MR · 2020
84
The effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) herbal tea on happiness in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial
Delam H, Keshtkaran Z, Shokrpour N, Eidi A, Bazrafshan MR · 2023
85
The Effect of Krocina™ on Decreasing Substance User Withdrawal Syndrome, Craving, Depression and Stress: A Double-Blind Randomized Parallel Clinical Trial
Jomehpour H, Aghayan S, Khosravi A, Afzaljavan F · 2022
86
Amelioration of anxiety, depression, and chemotherapy related toxicity after crocin administration during chemotherapy of breast cancer: A double blind, randomized clinical trial
Salek R, Dehghani M, Mohajeri SA, Talaei A, Fanipakdel A, Javadinia SA · 2021
87
The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on glycemia, lipid profile, and antioxidant status in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized placebo-controlled trial
Tajaddini A, Roshanravan N, Mobasseri M, Haleem Al-Qaim Z, Hadi A, Aeinehchi A et al. · 2023
88
Saffron improves life and sleep quality, glycaemic status, lipid profile and liver function in diabetic patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial
Tajaddini A, Roshanravan N, Mobasseri M, Aeinehchi A, Sefid-Mooye Azar P, Hadi A et al. · 2021
89
Comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind randomized clinical trial
Farokhnia M, Shafiee Sabet M, Iranpour N, Gougol A, Yekehtaz H, Alimardani R et al. · 2014
90
Effects of Saffron Extract on Sleep Quality: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial
Pachikian BD, Copine S, Suchareau M, Deldicque L · 2021
91
The effect of saffron supplement on clinical outcomes and metabolic profiles in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Hamidi Z, Aryaeian N, Abolghasemi J, Shirani F, Hadidi M, Fallah S et al. · 2020
92
Saffron aqueous extract prevents metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia on olanzapine treatment: a randomized triple blind placebo controlled study
Fadai F, Mousavi B, Ashtari Z, Ali beigi N, Farhang S, Hashempour S et al. · 2014
93
Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with impaired sleep: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Gutiérrez-Romero SA, Torres-Narváez ES, Zamora-Gómez AC, Castillo-Castillo S, Latorre-Velásquez AL, Betancourt-Villamizar C et al. · 2024
94
Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with mildly impaired sleep: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Gutiérrez-Romero SA, Torres-Narváez ES, Zamora-Gómez AC, Castillo-Castillo S, Latorre-Velásquez AL, Betancourt-Villamizar C et al. · 2023
95
The effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial
Moravej Aleali A, Amani R, Shahbazian H, Namjooyan F, Latifi SM, Cheraghian B · 2019
96
Effects of saffron on homocysteine, and antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind clinical trial
Shahbazian H, Moravej Aleali A, Amani R, Namjooyan F, Cheraghian B, Latifi SM et al. · 2019
97
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplements improve quality of life and appetite in atherosclerosis patients: A randomized clinical trial
Ahmadikhatir S, Ostadrahimi A, Safaiyan A, Ahmadikhatir S, Farrin N · 2022
98
Effects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported poor sleep: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Metse AP, Drummond PD · 2020
99
An examination into the mental and physical effects of a saffron extract (affron®) in recreationally-active adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Lopresti AL, Smith SJ · 2022
100
Effect of Crocus sativus Extract Supplementation in the Metabolic Control of People with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Giannoulaki P, Kotzakioulafi E, Nakas A, Kontoninas Z, Karlafti E, Evripidou P et al. · 2024
101
The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in conjunction with concurrent training on body composition, glycaemic status, and inflammatory markers in obese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial
Hooshmand Moghadam B, Rashidlamir A, Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Gaeini AA, Kaviani M · 2022
102
Effects of saffron supplementation on glycemia and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial study
Mobasseri M, Ostadrahimi A, Tajaddini A, Asghari S, Barati M, Barati M et al. · 2020
103
Effects of Crocin on Diabetic Maculopathy: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Sepahi S, Mohajeri SA, Hosseini SM, Khodaverdi E, Shoeibi N, Namdari M et al. · 2018
104
Efficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in treatment of major depressive disorder associated with post-menopausal hot flashes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Kashani L, Esalatmanesh S, Eftekhari F, Salimi S, Foroughifar T, Etesam F et al. · 2018
105
Effect of Crocin on Antibody Titers to Heat-Shock Protein 27 in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
Nosrati M, Nikbakht-Jam I, Eslami S, Khademi MM, Foroutan-Tanha M, Hadizadeh F et al. · 2017
106
A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression
Mazidi M, Shemshian M, Mousavi SH, Norouzy A, Kermani T, Moghiman T et al. · 2016
107
Short-term Outcomes of Saffron Supplementation in Patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Trial
Lashay A, Sadough G, Ashrafi E, Lashay M, Movassat M, Akhondzadeh S · 2016
108
Satiereal, a Crocus sativus L extract, reduces snacking and increases satiety in a randomized placebo-controlled study of mildly overweight, healthy women
Gout B, Bourges C, Paineau-Dubreuil S · 2010
109
Effect of crocin of Crocus sativus L. on serum inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Aslani MR, Abdollahi N, Matin S, Zakeri A, Ghobadi H · 2023
110
Standardized Saffron Extract Formulation for Low Mood and Subclinical Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Shah S, Shah N, Shah J, S D, S J, Sudha Rani P · 2026
111
Crocus sativus (saffron) adjunct to risperidone for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Mazhar S, Shamabadi A, Kazemzadeh K, Farahvash MA, Heidari Dalfard A, Fallahpour B et al. · 2025
112
Effects of Saffron Extract Supplementation on Mood, Well-Being, and Response to a Psychosocial Stressor in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group, Clinical Trial
Jackson PA, Forster J, Khan J, Pouchieu C, Dubreuil S, Gaudout D et al. · 2020
113
A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of oral saffron in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Sahebari M, Heidari H, Nabavi S, Khodashahi M, Rezaieyazdi Z, Dadgarmoghaddam M et al. · 2021
114
Crocus sativus L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study
Baziar S, Aqamolaei A, Khadem E, Mortazavi SH, Naderi S, Sahebolzamani E et al. · 2019
115
The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trial
Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Hashemzadeh N, Shirzadi E, Derakhshan Z, Djazayeri A et al. · 2018
116
The effects of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus satious L.) on mild to moderate comorbid depression-anxiety, sleep quality, and life satisfaction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial
Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Shirzadi E, Hashemzadeh N, Azizgol A, Djazayery A et al. · 2018
117
A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease
Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S et al. · 2010
118
The effect of crocin on movement disorders and oxidative DNA damage in Parkinson's disease: Insights from a randomized controlled trial
Mohammad Soleymani S, Assarzadegan F, Habibi SAH, Mahboubi A, Esmaily H · 2024
119
A standardised saffron extract improves subjective and objective sleep quality in healthy older adults with sleep complaints: results from the gut-sleep-brain axis randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
Lang L, Ditton A, Stanescu A, Jainani V, McArthur S, Pourtau L et al. · 2025
120
Effect of saffron extract supplementation on mood in healthy adults with subclinical symptoms of depression: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study
Amadieu C, Leyrolle Q, Farneti M, Anesi A, Bruchet E, Montet J et al. · 2025
121
Evaluation of therapeutic effects of Crocin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized Double-Blind clinical trial
Saghafi F, Javaheri A, Mohammadi F, Hatamizadeh N, Khanizadeh F, Safakish M et al. · 2025
122
The effect of crocetin (a saffron carotenoid) supplementation on antioxidant and inflammatory indexes and serum leptin concentration in patients with coronary artery disease
Moeini Badi F, Bathaie SZ, Borazjani F, Hosseini SA, Sheikhi MA, Shariful Islam SM et al. · 2025
123
Effect of vitamin E with and without saffron on the sexual function in women of reproductive age with sexual dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial
Izadi S, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Yadollahi P, Mirghafourvand M · 2024
124
Oral supplementation with crocin (a constituent of saffron) in subjects with cigarette smoking: a clinical trial
Mahdavi M, Ghaderi A, Hazegh P, Baseri MHK, Vahed N, Nazemi S et al. · 2024
125
Effect of crocin versus fluoxetine in treatment of mild to moderate obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double blind randomized clinical trial
Kazemi F, Vosough I, Sepahi S, Mohajeri SA · 2021
126
Crocus Sativus L. (saffron) versus sertraline on symptoms of depression among older people with major depressive disorders-a double-blind, randomized intervention study
Ahmadpanah M, Ramezanshams F, Ghaleiha A, Akhondzadeh S, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Brand S · 2019
127
Comparison of Saffron and Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Esalatmanesh S, Biuseh M, Noorbala AA, Mostafavi SA, Rezaei F, Mesgarpour B et al. · 2017
128
Effect of Saffron (Fan Hong Hua) On the Readiness of The Uterine Cervix In Term Pregnancy: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial
Sadi R, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M, Javadzadeh Y, Ahmadi-Bonabi A · 2016
129
The Efficacy of Crocin of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Kermani T, Kazemi T, Molki S, Ilkhani K, Sharifzadeh G, Rajabi O · 2017
130
Saffron (Crocus sativus) versus duloxetine for treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized double-blind clinical trial
Shakiba M, Moazen-Zadeh E, Noorbala AA, Jafarinia M, Divsalar P, Kashani L et al. · 2018
131
Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S et al. · 2010
132
The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training with or without saffron supplementation on diabetes-specific markers and inflammation in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Rajabi A, Akbar Nezhad Gharehlo A, Madadizadeh E, Basereh A, Khoramipoor K, Pirani H et al. · 2024
133
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Crocus sativus on Serum Cytokine Levels in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Trial
Kermani T, Zebarjadi M, Mehrad-Majd H, Mirhafez SR, Shemshian M, Ghasemi F et al. · 2017
134
A Randomized, Triple-blind Placebo-controlled Trial to Determine the Effect of Saffron on the Serum Levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Ghasemi Sakha F, Azimi Saeen A, Moazzeni SM, Etesam F, Vaezi G · 2020
135
Therapeutic effects of crocin in alleviating diabetic neuropathy: a preliminary randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial
Sahebnasagh A, Feizi MA, Khalilzadeh SH, Taghvaei E, Saghafi F · 2025
136
Effects of Aphrodite (an Herbal Compound) on SSRI-Induced Sexual Dysfunctions and Depression in Females with Major Depressive Disorder: Findings from a Randomized Clinical Trial
Shahmoradi N, Davarinejad O, Brühl AB, Brand S · 2023
137
The anti-dyslipidemia property of saffron petal hydroalcoholicextract in cardiovascular patients: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial
Kazemi T, Mollaei H, Takhviji V, Bijari B, Zarban A, Rostami Z et al. · 2023
138
Evaluation of therapeutic effects of crocin in attenuating the progression of diabetic nephropathy: a preliminary randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial
Jaafarinia A, Kafami B, Sahebnasagh A, Saghafi F · 2022
139
Evaluation of modulatory effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract on oxidative stress in ischemic stroke patients: a randomized clinical trial
Gudarzi S, Jafari M, Pirzad Jahromi G, Eshrati R, Asadollahi M, Nikdokht P · 2022
140
Significant Effect of Crocin on the Gene Expression of MicroRNA-21 and MicroRNA-155 in Patients with Osteoarthritis
Mohebbi M, Atabaki M, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Shariati-Sarabi Z, Poursamimi J, Mohajeri SA et al. · 2022
141
Immunoregulatory Effects of Krocina™, a Herbal Medicine Made of Crocin, on Osteoarthritis Patients: A Successful Clinical Trial in Iran
Poursamimi J, Shariati-Sarabi Z, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Mohajeri SA, Ghoryani M, Mohammadi M · 2020
142
Saffron improved depression and reduced homocysteine level in patients with major depression: A Randomized, double-blind study
Jelodar G, Javid Z, Sahraian A, Jelodar S · 2018
143
Study the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative study
Sahraian A, Jelodar S, Javid Z, Mowla A, Ahmadzadeh L · 2016
144
Crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial
Talaei A, Hassanpour Moghadam M, Sajadi Tabassi SA, Mohajeri SA · 2015
145
A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patients
Shahmansouri N, Farokhnia M, Abbasi SH, Kassaian SE, Noorbala Tafti AA, Gougol A et al. · 2014
146
Comparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: a pilot double-blind randomized trial
Akhondzadeh Basti A, Moshiri E, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Abbasi SH, Akhondzadeh S · 2007
147
Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
Moshiri E, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Hesameddin Abbasi S, Akhondzadeh S · 2006
148
Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial
Noorbala AA, Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Jamshidi AH · 2005
149
Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial
Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Noorbala AA, Amini H, Fallah-Pour H, Jamshidi AH et al. · 2005
150
Preventive effects of 10-day supplementation with saffron and indomethacin on the delayed-onset muscle soreness
Meamarbashi A, Rajabi A · 2015
151
Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study
Kashani L, Raisi F, Saroukhani S, Sohrabi H, Modabbernia A, Nasehi AA et al. · 2013
152
Effect of saffron on fluoxetine-induced sexual impairment in men: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Modabbernia A, Sohrabi H, Nasehi AA, Raisi F, Saroukhani S, Jamshidi A et al. · 2012
153
The effects of crocin on the symptoms of depression in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Jam IN, Sahebkar AH, Eslami S, Mokhber N, Nosrati M, Khademi M et al. · 2017
154
The ocular hypotensive effect of saffron extract in primary open angle glaucoma: a pilot study
Jabbarpoor Bonyadi MH, Yazdani S, Saadat S · 2014
155
Antioxidant Saffron and Central Retinal Function in ABCA4-Related Stargardt Macular Dystrophy
Piccardi M, Fadda A, Martelli F, Marangoni D, Magli A, Minnella AM et al. · 2019
156
Beneficial Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation in Restoring the Altered Microbiota and Gut-Retina Axis in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration-A Randomized Clinical Trial
Baldi S, Pagliai G, Di Gloria L, Pallecchi M, Barca F, Pieri B et al. · 2024
157
Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial [ISRCTN45683816]
Akhondzadeh S, Fallah-Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi-Cigaroudi F · 2004
158
Influence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age-related macular degeneration
Falsini B, Falsini B, Piccardi M, Minnella A, Savastano C, Capoluongo E et al. · 2010
159
Crocus Sativus Linnaeus (Saffron) intake does not affect physiological and perceptual responses during a repeated sprint test in healthy active young males
Ouerghi N, Abassi W, Jebabli N, Feki M, Bouassida A, Weiss K et al. · 2024
160
Acute Effect of a Saffron Extract (Safr'InsideTM) and Its Main Volatile Compound on the Stress Response in Healthy Young Men: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study
Pouchieu C, Pourtau L, Brossaud J, Gaudout D, Corcuff JB, Capuron L et al. · 2023
161
Effect of saffron on liver metastases in patients suffering from cancers with liver metastases: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Hosseini A, Mousavi SH, Ghanbari A, Homaee Shandiz F, Raziee HR, Pezeshki Rad M et al. · 2015
162
Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Saffron in Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mirfeizi SZ, Abdolahi N, Fatemi A, Aghaei M, Roshandel G, Damirchi M et al. · 2026
163
Evaluating the Effects of Crocus sativus L. Herbal Product on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Dastan F, Salamzadeh J, Heshmatnia J, Mahmoudian R · 2025
164
An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Marx W, Díez-Municio M, Morán-Valero MI · 2025
165
Effects of crocin on inflammatory biomarkers and mental health status in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial
Kouchaki E, Rafiei H, Ghaderi A, Azadchehr MJ, Safa F, Omidian K et al. · 2024
166
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Concurrent Use of Crocin During Chemoradiation for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ebrahimi N, Javadinia SA, Salek R, Fanipakdel A, Sepahi S, Dehghani M et al. · 2024
167
Effect of Crocin From Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Supplementation on Oxidant/Antioxidant Markers, Exercise Capacity, and Pulmonary Function Tests in COPD Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Ghobadi H, Abdollahi N, Madani H, Aslani MR · 2022
168
Improvement of inflammatory status following saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and resistance training in elderly hypertensive men: A randomized controlled trial
Mojtahedi S, Hooshmand-Moghadam B, Rosenkranz S, Shourideh Z, Amirshaghaghi F, Shabkhiz F · 2022
169
Crocus sativus (saffron) in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction: a three-center, double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial
Kashani L, Aslzadeh S, Shokraee K, Shamabadi A, Tadayon Najafabadi B, Jafarinia M et al. · 2022
170
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in combination with resistance training reduced blood pressure in the elderly hypertensive men: A randomized controlled trial
Hooshmand-Moghadam B, Eskandari M, Shabkhiz F, Mojtahedi S, Mahmoudi N · 2021
171
Impact of saffron (Crocus Sativus Linn) supplementation and resistance training on markers implicated in depression and happiness levels in untrained young males
Moghadam BH, Bagheri R, Roozbeh B, Ashtary-Larky D, Gaeini AA, Dutheil F et al. · 2021
172
Evaluation of the effectiveness of crocin isolated from saffron in treatment of burning mouth syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Pakfetrat A, Talebi M, Dalirsani Z, Mohajeri A, Zamani R, Ghazi A · 2019
173
Protective properties of the aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ischemic stroke, randomized clinical trial
Asadollahi M, Nikdokht P, Hatef B, Sadr SS, Sahraei H, Assarzadegan F et al. · 2019
174
Effects of Saffron on Cognition, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Moazen-Zadeh E, Abbasi SH, Safi-Aghdam H, Shahmansouri N, Arjmandi-Beglar A, Hajhosseinn Talasaz A et al. · 2018
175
Effect of crocin, a carotenoid from saffron, on plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lipid profile in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A double blind randomized clinical trial
Javandoost A, Afshari A, Nikbakht-Jam I, Khademi M, Eslami S, Nosrati M et al. · 2017
176
Comparison of Saffron versus Fluoxetine in Treatment of Mild to Moderate Postpartum Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial
Kashani L, Eslatmanesh S, Saedi N, Niroomand N, Ebrahimi M, Hosseinian M et al. · 2017
177
Efficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: One Year Single-Blind Randomized, with Parallel Groups, Clinical Trial
Tsolaki M, Karathanasi E, Lazarou I, Dovas K, Verykouki E, Karacostas A et al. · 2016
178
Effects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Mohammadzadeh-Moghadam H, Nazari SM, Shamsa A, Kamalinejad M, Esmaeeli H, Asadpour AA et al. · 2015
179
Saffron in metabolic syndrome: its effects on antibody titers to heat-shock proteins 27, 60, 65 and 70
Shemshian M, Mousavi SH, Norouzy A, Kermani T, Moghiman T, Sadeghi A et al. · 2014
180
Safety Evaluation of Crocin (a constituent of saffron) Tablets in Healthy Volunteers
Mohamadpour AH, Ayati Z, Parizadeh MR, Rajbai O, Hosseinzadeh H · 2013
181
Immunomodulatory effects of saffron: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
Kianbakht S, Ghazavi A · 2011
182
Crocus sativus L. (saffron) in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trial
Agha-Hosseini M, Kashani L, Aleyaseen A, Ghoreishi A, Rahmanpour H, Zarrinara AR et al. · 2008
183
Safety evaluation of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract and crocin in patients with schizophrenia
Mousavi B, Bathaie SZ, Fadai F, Ashtari Z, Ali Beigi N, Farhang S et al. · 2015
184
The effect of crocin (the main active saffron constituent) on the cognitive functions, craving, and withdrawal syndrome in opioid patients under methadone maintenance treatment
Abbaszadeh-Mashkani S, Hoque SS, Banafshe HR, Ghaderi A · 2021
185
Effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on coagulation and anticoagulation systems in healthy volunteers
Ayatollahi H, Javan AO, Khajedaluee M, Shahroodian M, Hosseinzadeh H · 2014
186
Effectivity of Saffron Extract (Saffr'Activ) on Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Clinical Effectivity Study
Blasco-Fontecilla H, Moyano-Ramírez E, Méndez-González O, Rodrigo-Yanguas M, Martin-Moratinos M, Bella-Fernández M · 2022
187
Saffron therapy for the ongoing treatment of age-related macular degeneration
Broadhead GK, Grigg J, McCluskey PJ, Hong T, Schlub TE, Chu E et al. · 2024
188
Impact of Dietary Antioxidant Supplements on Atrophic Lesion Progression in Stargardt Disease: A Retrospective Observational Study
Turski CA, Georgiou M, Puente CE, Sarici K, Zhou X, Maldonado RS · 2025
189
Effectiveness of a Saffron and Withania Supplement on Mood in Women With Mild-to-Moderate Anxiety During the COVID-19 Lockdown
Pages-García C, De Almagro MC, Ruiz-Moreno J, De Castellar R · 2024
190
A preliminary assessment of a combination of rhodiola and saffron in the management of mild-moderate depression
Bangratz M, Ait Abdellah S, Berlin A, Blondeau C, Guilbot A, Dubourdeaux M et al. · 2018
191
Fractional Exhalation Nitric Oxide (FeNO) changes in cystic fibrosis patients induced by compound honey syrup: a pretest-posttest clinical trial
Sadr S, Tahermohammadi H, Kaveh S, Khanbabaee G, Tabatabaei SA, Choopani R et al. · 2023
192
Self-Reported Changes in Premenstrual and Menstrual Symptoms among Females Taking a Novel Multinutrient Supplement: A Pilot Study
Smith M, Mitschke S, van der Schoot A · 2026
193
An Open-Label Pilot Study on Macumax Supplementation for Dry-Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K · 2021
194
Functional effect of Saffron supplementation and risk genotypes in early age-related macular degeneration: a preliminary report
Marangoni D, Falsini B, Falsini B, Piccardi M, Ambrosio L, Minnella AM et al. · 2013
195
Effectiveness of the Combination of Probiotic Supplementation on Motor Symptoms and Constipation in Parkinson's Disease
Alexoudi A, Kesidou L, Gatzonis S, Charalampopoulos C, Tsoga A · 2023
196
An open prospective pilot study of a herbal combination "Relief" as a supportive dietetic measure during alcohol withdrawal
Mansoor K, Qadan F, Hinum A, Schneider C, Hechenbichler K, Schmidt M et al. · 2018
197
A longitudinal follow-up study of saffron supplementation in early age-related macular degeneration: sustained benefits to central retinal function
Piccardi M, Marangoni D, Minnella AM, Savastano MC, Valentini P, Ambrosio L et al. · 2012
198
Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot study
Shamsa A, Hosseinzadeh H, Molaei M, Shakeri MT, Rajabi O · 2009
199
Bioaccessibility and Pharmacokinetics of a Commercial Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Extract
Almodóvar P, Briskey D, Rao A, Prodanov M, Inarejos-García AM · 2020
200
Multiplex quantitation of 17 drug-derived components in human plasma after administration of a fixed herbal preparation of Sailuotong using combined online SPE-LC-MS/MS methods
Zhang Y, Guo C, Liu H, Yang L, Ren C, Li T et al. · 2023
201
Reduced Production of Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Catabolic Factors by Human Serum Metabolites Derived from a Patented Saffron Extract Intake
Pourtau L, Wauquier F, Boutin-Wittrant L, Gaudout D, Moras B, Vignault A et al. · 2024
202
Neural Network-Based Clinical Prediction System for Identifying the Clinical Effects of Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Supplement Therapy on Allergic Asthma: Model Evaluation Study
Hosseini SA, Jamshidnezhad A, Zilaee M, Fouladi Dehaghi B, Mohammadi A, Hosseini SM · 2020
203
Adjunctive nutraceutical strategies in ulcerative colitis: From molecular pathways to clinical outcomes
Caputo C, De Maio AC, Lombardi A, Sperlongano R, Caraglia M, Cautela D · 2026
204
Defined Natural Products as Adjunctive Therapies: Evidence-Gated Polypharmacology Across Molecular Targets, Human Exposure, Clinical Signals, and Safety Boundaries
Seo Y, Woo J · 2026
205
Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks
Căuș MN, Lupoae M, Chițescu CL · 2026
206
Saffron as a Retinal Neuroprotectant: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Studies and Clinical Results
Maggi MA, Mastromartino R, Piccardi M, Minnella AM, Marangoni D, Di Marco S et al. · 2026
207
Crocetin as a Neuroprotective Agent: Targeting Western Diet-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Gut-Brain Axis Modulation
Babu Kondaveeti S, Gupta V, Dar AA, Sheikh JA, Kumar D, Choudhary N et al. · 2026
208
Current Umbrella Evidence on Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine for Depression in Adults: A Scoping Review
Tzigkounakis G, Brown J, Georgiadis K · 2026
209
Mood food: antidepressant effects of culinary spices
Zhong L, Qing Y, Liu J · 2026
210
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder: pharmacological insights into natural antioxidants
Scenna MS, Bej E, Cesare P, Persichitti I, Cimini A, D'Angelo M et al. · 2026
211
From Stigma to Therapy: Pharmacological Insights into Saffron Bioactives for Major Non-Communicable Diseases
Campos C, Elfardi YR, Darrag EM, Laouane H, Perestrelo R, Bouissane L et al. · 2026
212
From Mood to Memory: Unlocking Saffron's Potential in Brain Health
Kehtari T, Tovar DC, Epstein D, Junquera P · 2025
213
Supplementary approaches to perinatal depression: a review of pathogenesis, herbal interventions, and dietary supplements
Yang Q, Lv Y, Gao S, Zhang Y, Zhai X · 2025
214
A comprehensive review on the impact of polyphenol supplementation and exercise on depression and brain function parameters
Jie S, Fu A, Wang C, Rajabi S · 2025
215
Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Lights and Shadows
Parmar UPS, Surico PL, Mori T, Singh RB, Cutrupi F, Premkishore P et al. · 2025
216
Herbal medicine approach to relieving dyspnea: A narrative review of efficacy and mechanisms
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Boskabady MH · 2025
217
Integrative effects of saffron and physical activity on endurance performance, quality of life, cognitive, emotional, and metabolic outcomes in age-related and neurodegenerative diseases
Li L, Wang K · 2025
218
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Its By-Products: Healthy Effects in Internal Medicine
Marrone G, Urciuoli S, Di Lauro M, Cornali K, Montalto G, Masci C et al. · 2024
219
Saffron extract as an emerging novel therapeutic option in reproduction and sexual health: recent advances and future prospectives
Goyal A, Raza FA, Sulaiman SA, Shahzad A, Aaqil SI, Iqbal M et al. · 2024
220
Crocus sativus (saffron) and age-related macular degeneration
Shamabadi A, Asadigandomani H, Kazemzadeh K, Farahmand K, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Akhondzadeh S · 2024
221
Exploring the Potential of Saffron as a Therapeutic Agent in Depression Treatment: A Comparative Review
Chauhan S, Tiwari A, Verma A, Padhan PK, Verma S, Gupta PC · 2024
222
Herbal Products as Complementary or Alternative Medicine for the Management of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence Based on Findings of Interventional Studies
Farhadnejad H, Saber N, Neshatbini Tehrani A, Kazemi Jahromi M, Mokhtari E, Norouzzadeh M et al. · 2024
223
Plants with Potential Importance in Supporting the Treatment of Depression: Current Trends, and Research
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R · 2024
224
A review of therapeutic impacts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its constituents
Anaeigoudari F, Anaeigoudari A, Kheirkhah-Vakilabad A · 2023
225
Depression and Its Phytopharmacotherapy-A Narrative Review
Dobrek L, Głowacka K · 2023
226
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): A Source of Nutrients for Health and for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Age-Related Diseases
El Midaoui A, Ghzaiel I, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Ksila M, Zarrouk A, Nury T et al. · 2022
227
Experimental and Clinical Studies on the Effects of Natural Products on Noxious Agents-Induced Lung Disorders, a Review
Saadat S, Beigoli S, Khazdair MR, Amin F, Boskabady MH · 2022
228
Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence
Shahbaz K, Chang D, Zhou X, Low M, Seto SW, Li CG · 2022
229
The Pharmacological Activities of Crocus sativus L.: A Review Based on the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities of its Phytoconstituents
Butnariu M, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sharifi-Rad J, Singh L, Aborehab NM et al. · 2022
230
Medicinal Plants Used for Anxiety, Depression, or Stress Treatment: An Update
Kenda M, Kočevar Glavač N, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M · 2022
231
Review of Evidence for the Usage of Antioxidants for Eye Aging
Choo PP, Woi PJ, Bastion MC, Omar R, Mustapha M, Md Din N · 2022
232
Saffron against Neuro-Cognitive Disorders: An Overview of Its Main Bioactive Compounds, Their Metabolic Fate and Potential Mechanisms of Neurological Protection
Cerdá-Bernad D, Costa L, Serra AT, Bronze MR, Valero-Cases E, Pérez-Llamas F et al. · 2022
233
Saffron and its active ingredients against human disorders: A literature review on existing clinical evidence
Omidkhoda SF, Hosseinzadeh H · 2022
234
Chronic Stress and Oxidative Stress as Common Factors of the Pathogenesis of Depression and Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Antioxidants in Prevention and Treatment
Juszczyk G, Mikulska J, Kasperek K, Pietrzak D, Mrozek W, Herbet M · 2021
235
Crocus Sativus L. (Saffron) in Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: Bioactive Effects on Cognitive Impairment
D'Onofrio G, Nabavi SM, Sancarlo D, Greco A, Pieretti S · 2021
236
The Beneficial Effects of Saffron Extract on Potential Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases
Su X, Yuan C, Wang L, Chen R, Li X, Zhang Y et al. · 2021
237
Saffron: A potential drug-supplement for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (COVID) management
Husaini AM, Jan KN, Wani GA · 2021
238
Preventing Dementia Using Saffron, The Kampo Medicine, Kamiuntanto, and Their Combination, Kamiuntantokabankoka
Kuchta K, Aritake K, Urade Y, Tung NH, Yuan CS, Sasaki Y et al. · 2021
239
Medicinal plants and natural products as neuroprotective agents in age-related macular degeneration
Bosch-Morell F, Villagrasa V, Ortega T, Acero N, Muñoz-Mingarro D, González-Rosende ME et al. · 2020
240
Beneficial effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ocular pathologies, particularly neurodegenerative retinal diseases
Fernández-Albarral JA, de Hoz R, Ramírez AI, López-Cuenca I, Salobrar-García E, Pinazo-Durán MD et al. · 2020
241
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Ocular Diseases: A Narrative Review of the Existing Evidence from Clinical Studies
Heitmar R, Brown J, Kyrou I · 2019
242
A Review of Herbal Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis
Mojaverrostami S, Bojnordi MN, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Hamidabadi HG · 2018
243
Medicinal herbs in the treatment of neuropathic pain: a review
Forouzanfar F, Hosseinzadeh H · 2018
244
Toxicology effects of saffron and its constituents: a review
Bostan HB, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H · 2017
245
Male infertility: lifestyle factors and holistic, complementary, and alternative therapies
Yao DF, Mills JN · 2016
246
The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: A review
Khazdair MR, Boskabady MH, Hosseini M, Rezaee R, M Tsatsakis A · 2015
247
Saffron and retina: neuroprotection and pharmacokinetics
Bisti S, Maccarone R, Falsini B, Falsini B · 2014
248
[Herbal remedies in depression--state of the art]
Szafrański T · 2014
249
Saffron in phytotherapy: pharmacology and clinical uses
Schmidt M, Betti G, Hensel A · 2007

Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.