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Knowledge · Natural Compounds

Coenzyme Q10

Database-based evaluation · 956 studies in our database, 110 of them controlled human trials · As of · How we work

Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble quinone produced by the body; human studies show benefits in heart failure, fertility, migraine and blood pressure.

We evaluated 286 human studies on Coenzyme Q10, including 87 randomised controlled trials and 72 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 6,781 participants in total. As of 13 October 2026.

This page as PDF · Summary

1. What Is Coenzyme Q10? Occurrence, Origin and Forms

Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble quinone that the human body produces itself and that occurs in every cell. It takes part in energy production in the mitochondria and acts there as an antioxidant. It is taken in through food such as meat, fish and plant oils; as a dietary supplement it is offered in capsule form and studied as an oral preparation.

Coenzyme Q10 occurs in all cells of the human body, with the highest levels in the heart, liver and kidneys. In food it is found mainly in meat, fish, eggs and plant oils.

For preparations, coenzyme Q10 is obtained by fermentation with yeasts or bacteria or by synthetic routes. Studies in humans examine oral forms, mostly ubiquinone, sometimes ubiquinol, in different doses and dosage forms.

Forms and Preparations Studied

  • Ubiquinone (oxidised form)
  • Ubiquinol (reduced form)
  • Oil-based soft capsules
  • Powder and tablet forms
  • Formulations with solubilisers or emulsifiers

Not covered on this page:

  • Statins and other medicines that affect the body's own levels
  • Idebenone, a synthetic relative
  • Mitochondria-targeted ubiquinone derivatives (e.g. mitoquinone)
  • Vitamin K (menaquinone), a different quinone

2. What Does Coenzyme Q10 Do? Results by Area

AreaResult in controlled studiesStrength of evidenceStudiesParticipants
Fertilitymixedhigh9 meta-analyses · 5 controlled · 19 other440
Fatiguemixedhigh4 meta-analyses · 4 controlled · 3 other120
Blood Pressuremostly no differencemoderate5 meta-analyses · 2 controlled · 3 other231
Heart Failuremixedmoderate3 meta-analyses · 3 controlled · 2 other350
Muscle Symptoms Under Statinsmixedmoderate3 meta-analyses · 3 controlled · 2 other157
Migrainemostly improvedmoderate1 meta-analyses · 1 controlled · 5 other77
Tolerability and Safetyobservational data onlyunclear0 meta-analyses · 0 controlled · 30 other0
Other investigationsmixedhigh43 meta-analyses · 56 controlled · 79 other2,980

How to read the table: counted are human studies whose results concern the area. “High” means at least one meta-analysis and two controlled studies showing improvement, or at least three controlled studies of which three quarters show improvement, with at least 300 participants in total. “Moderate” means at least two controlled studies showing improvement, as a majority, or one meta-analysis alongside controlled studies. “Low” means one controlled study showing improvement. Where an area has no controlled study, the strength of evidence is at most “low” (result “reviews only” or “observational data only”). Everything else is “unclear”. A study counts as showing improvement when at least half of its outcomes in this area improved. Reviews of combination products do not count as meta-analyses; results that only describe side effects or shares of users do not count as an effect. The same study is counted only once.

3. What the Studies Show in Detail

Coenzyme Q10 and Fertility: Human Studies

In women with diminished ovarian reserve, a meta-analysis found more pregnancies, more retrieved eggs and more good embryos with coenzyme Q10 before artificial fertilization 12. A meta-analysis on antioxidants in aging ovaries found coenzyme Q10 most effective 6. In poor ovarian response, egg count, pregnancy and live birth rate increased 39. In men with impaired fertility, several meta-analyses found more sperm 11202345 and better sperm motility 112023 with coenzyme Q10 than with placebo. In poor ovarian response, coenzyme Q10 in addition to folic acid in a randomized study yielded more eggs, but no higher pregnancy rate 78. Before hysterectomy, coenzyme Q10 did not protect ovarian reserve (AMH) better than placebo 104. The findings come predominantly from meta-analyses with partly several thousand participants, but form, dose and duration are not reported consistently in all studies. One meta-analysis pools coenzyme Q10 with vitamins and DHEA, so its result does not apply to coenzyme Q10 alone 5.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
6 Shang et al. 2024meta-analysis · 2,617 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (compared with melatonin, myo-inositol, vitamins, placebo); optimal 30 mg/d per CoQ10 subgroup analysis; 3 months before controlled ovarian stimulation; vs. placebo or no treatment; other antioxidantsclinical pregnancy rate: improved; number of retrieved oocytes: improved; high-quality embryo rate: improved
11 Su et al. 2022meta-analysis · 1,790 participantscoenzyme Q10 as antioxidant supplement; vs. placebo and seven other antioxidantssperm concentration: improved (MD = 5.95; 95% CI: 0.05, 10.79); sperm motility: improved (MD = 7.33; 95% CI: 0.35, 14.17)
12 Lin et al. 2024systematic review · 1,529 participantsCoenzyme Q10 pretreatment; vs. Control without CoQ10 pretreatmentclinical pregnancy rate: improved (OR = 1.84, 95%CI [1.33, 2.53], p = 0.0002); number of optimal embryos: improved (OR = 0.59, 95%CI [0.21, 0.96], p = 0.002); number of oocytes retrieved: improved (MD = 1.30, 95%CI [1.21, 1.40], p < 0.00001)
18 Zhang et al. 2023meta-analysis · 1,021 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation (form not reported); vs. Randomized controlled trials with control groupFSH: improved (SMD - 0.45 [0.11, 0.78], P = 0.009); Testosterone: improved (SMD - 0.28 [- 0.49, - 0.06], P = 0.01)
20 Akhigbe et al. 2024meta-analysis · 877 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation (form not specified); vs. untreated or placebototal sperm count: improved (SMD -13.38 [95% CI: -16.33, -10.43] P< 0.0001); total sperm motility: improved (SMD -7.26 [95% CI: -10.15, -4.36] P< 0.00001); progressive sperm motility: improved (SMD -6.386 [95% CI: -10.04, -2.73] P= 0.0006)
23 Bakri et al. 2025meta-analysis · 781 participantsCoenzyme Q10, formulation not specified; not reported; optimal dose an aim of the analysis; subgroup analysis: >3 months better; vs. placebo or other therapiessperm concentration: improved (10.22×10⁶/mL [3.51-16.93], p=0.003); seminal volume: improved (0.17 mL [0.03-0.31], p=0.02); total sperm motility: improved (4.95% [1.15-8.75], p=0.01)
39 Schütz et al. 2026meta-analysisCoenzyme Q10 supplementation; vs. Control treatment or resveratrol in in-vitro maturationOocyte retrieval in POR: improved (OR = 2.28); Live birth rate in POR: improved (OR = 2.28); Pregnancy rate in POR: improved (OR = 2.20)
45 Niu et al. 2025meta-analysisoral coenzyme Q10 (form not specified); vs. placebo, L-carnitine, L-carnitine + acetyl-L-carnitinesperm concentration: improved (SMD 2.98 [95% CI: 1.13 to 7.87]); pregnancy rate: unclear

Further studies in this area: 48 57 66 78 90 97 104 148 158 162 163 189 195 202 207 208 214 219 229 231 232 234 235 241 243

Coenzyme Q10 and Fatigue: Human Studies

A meta-analysis of randomized trials found less fatigue with coenzyme Q10 than with placebo, confirmed only with pure coenzyme Q10, not with combination products 16. In healthy people with mild fatigue, ubiquinol reduced fatigue and drowsiness after cognitive tasks compared with placebo 139; a meta-analysis in healthy people saw only indications of less fatigue 43. In breast cancer under paclitaxel, fatigue was lower with coenzyme Q10 from week 9 than without 91; in depression, a meta-analysis found no confirmed effect on fatigue 27. A systematic review in athletes described lower fatigue markers such as creatine kinase 51; in multiple sclerosis, high doses improved fatigue and depressive symptoms 34. The findings come from different forms, groups and dosages; a meta-analysis rates the certainty as low 43.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
16 Tsai et al. 2022meta-analysis · 1,126 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation (CoQ10-only formulation and CoQ10 compounds); dose-response per mg, exact doses not reported; duration-response per day, exact duration not reported; vs. placebofatigue score: improved (Hedges' g = -0.398, 95% confidence interval = -0.641 to -0.155, p = 0.001); fatigue score, CoQ10-only formulation: improved; fatigue score, CoQ10 compounds: no difference
27 Magalhães et al. 2026meta-analysis · 474 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation (form, dose, duration not reported); vs. Placebo or standard treatmentFatigue (SMD): no difference (SMD: -0.33; 95% CI: -1.38 to 0.72; P =0.54)
34 Salekzamani et al. 2025systematic review · 195 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement; 200 mg/day or 500 mg/day; 2-3 months; vs. Control groups (three RCTs, two semi-experimental studies, one retrospective analysis)Fatigue: improved (depression and fatigue amelioration)
43 Deng et al. 2025systematic reviewCoenzyme Q10 supplementation (formulation not reported); not reported; acute or chronic (duration not reported); vs. PlaceboSubjective fatigue: improved
91 Hassoub et al. 2026randomised controlled · 60 participantsoral Coenzyme Q10 added to paclitaxel; 12 weeks; vs. paclitaxel alone (control group, n = 30)fatigue severity from week 9: improved (p < 0.05)
128 Moreno-Fernandez et al. 2023randomised controlledUbiquinol, oral, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized; short-term (exact duration not specified); vs. placebo group (n=50) vs. ubiquinol group (n=50)Perceived exertion: unclear
135 Fedacko et al. 2013controlled · 60 participantsCoenzyme Q10 plus selenium; 3 months; vs. PlaceboTiredness: unclear (decreased from the initial 6.7 ± 1.34 to 1.2 ± 1.32 (p < 0.01, -82 ± 22%))
139 Mizuno et al. 2020controlledubiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q10); 100 mg/day or 150 mg/day; 12 weeks; vs. placebosubjective fatigue sensation after cognitive tasks: improved (improved significantly); sleepiness after cognitive tasks: improved (improved significantly)

Further studies in this area: 169 198 227

Coenzyme Q10 and Blood Pressure: Human Studies

Three meta-analyses of randomized trials found lower systolic blood pressure with coenzyme Q10 than with control 104142, and in one of them, in type 2 diabetes, also lower diastolic blood pressure 42. A randomized controlled trial in patients with heart failure also found more favorable blood pressure with coenzyme Q10 than with placebo 71. In contrast, there are results showing no difference: a meta-analysis in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes saw no change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure 37, another meta-analysis found no difference in diastolic blood pressure 41, and a randomized controlled trial with ubiquinol in older adults showed no improvement in cardiovascular health 74. Dose and duration differ from study to study; studies on the reduced form ubiquinol and on longer-term clinical endpoints are still pending.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
10 Zhao et al. 2022meta-analysis · 1,831 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement; dose-response analysis, about 100-200 mg/d; subgroup analysis >12 weeks; vs. control groupsystolic blood pressure: improved (-4.77 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.57, -2.97); dose-response relation with systolic blood pressure: unclear (χ2 = 10.84, Pnonlinearity = 0.004); diastolic blood pressure: unclear
17 Sue-Ling et al. 2022systematic review · 1,067 participantscoenzyme Q10 supplementation added to conventional therapy; vs. placebo or conventional therapy alone (in included RCTs)blood pressure in hypertension: unclear (inconclusive)
37 Rezagholizadeh et al. 2026meta-analysisCoenzyme Q10 supplementation; vs. Placebo or control in randomized trialsSystolic and diastolic blood pressure: no difference
41 Karimi et al. 2025meta-analysisCoenzyme Q10 (form not specified in abstract); Subgroup: <200 mg/day vs higher doses; Subgroup: >8 weeks vs shorter; vs. Placebo or controlSystolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -3.44 mmHg; 95 %CI: [-5.13 to -1.55], p < 0.01); Diastolic blood pressure: no difference (WMD: -1.13 mmHg; 95 %CI: [-2.16 - 0.50], p = 0.23)
42 Li et al. 2025meta-analysiscoenzyme Q10 supplementation; vs. control group (placebo) in RCTssystolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -3.86 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.01 to -1.71, P = 0.014); diastolic blood pressure: improved (WMD: -2.70 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.50 to -0.91, P = 0.024)
71 Bodea et al. 2025randomised controlled · 120 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (form not stated in abstract); 2 × 60 mg daily; 6 months; vs. Placeboblood pressure: improved
74 Nankivell et al. 2026randomised controlled · 111 participantsUbiquinol (reduced form of CoQ10); 200 mg; 90 days; vs. Placebomeasures of cardiovascular health: no difference
204 Katsanaki et al. 2026reviewCoenzyme Q10 as a nutritional supplementblood pressure: improved

Further studies in this area: 205 225

Coenzyme Q10 and Heart Failure: Human Studies

In heart failure, coenzyme Q10 improved ejection fraction compared with control in a meta-analysis of randomized trials 46, as well as in a meta-analysis in cardiovascular diseases 2. In a randomized trial, myocardial deformation and NT-proBNP improved compared with placebo, ejection fraction was not confirmed 71. Functional capacity also improved in several studies 174671. Overall mortality decreased in heart failure 46 and in a micronutrient meta-analysis on cardiovascular risk 1; hospital admissions and NYHA class also improved 46. Coenzyme Q10 was mostly given in addition to usual therapy; the meta-analysis rates the certainty as moderate to low 46. Which dose and duration are optimal should be clarified by larger randomized trials 271. Combinations of coenzyme Q10 with selenium yeast 62 or with creatine, D-ribose and vitamin E 89 do not allow any statement about coenzyme Q10 alone; a study with ubiquinol, D-ribose and both does not attribute the improvements to ubiquinol alone 64.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
2 Borges et al. 2024meta-analysis · 11,372 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation; 2 to 144 months; vs. Placebo or standard careejection fraction: improved (mean difference: 5.6%, 95% CI: 3.2% to 8.0%, p<0.001)
17 Sue-Ling et al. 2022systematic review · 1,067 participantscoenzyme Q10 supplementation added to conventional therapy; vs. placebo or conventional therapy alone (in included RCTs)functional capacity: improved; major adverse cardiovascular events (fewer)
46 Xu et al. 2024meta-analysiscoenzyme Q10 (form not reported); vs. control groupall-cause mortality: improved (RR = 0.64, 95% CI (0.48, 0.85), P = 0.002); hospitalization for heart failure: improved (RR = 0.50, 95% CI (0.37, 0.67), P < 0.00001); New York Heart Association classification: improved (MD = - 0.29, 95% CI (- 0.39, - 0.19), P < 0.00001)
64 Pierce et al. 2022randomised controlled · 216 participantsubiquinol capsules, with or without d-ribose powder, or placebo; ubiquinol 600 mg/d and/or d-ribose 15 g/d; 12 weeks; vs. placebo capsules and placebo powder, four groupsKCCQ clinical summary score: unclear (17.30 to 25.82 points); vigor score: unclear (7.65 to 8.15 points); ejection fraction: unclear (7.08% to 8.03%)
71 Bodea et al. 2025randomised controlled · 120 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (form not stated in abstract); 2 × 60 mg daily; 6 months; vs. Placeboglobal longitudinal strain (GLS): improved (-11.7% to -14.9%, p < 0.001); NT-proBNP: improved (815.6 vs. 1378.5 pg/mL, p = 0.012); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): no difference (38.9% to 40.6%, p = 0.170)
124 Kawashima et al. 2020randomised controlled · 14 participantsUbiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q10); 400 mg/day; 3 months, with 1-month washout between periods; vs. Placebo, randomized double-blind crossoverPeripheral endothelial function (LnRHI): no difference (p = 0.076); Peripheral endothelial function (RHI): unclear (p = 0.026)
164 Abuzaid et al. 2025case-control study · 30 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (form/dose not reported); 24 weeks; vs. placebo in half of the patient groupcardiac functional parameters: improved
206 Kumble et al. 2026reviewcoenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) supplementation; vs. no CoQ10 or placebofunctional capacity, ejection fraction, major cardiovascular events: improved

Coenzyme Q10 and Muscle Symptoms Under Statins: Human Studies

For muscle complaints while taking statins, a meta-analysis found less muscle pain than in the control group 32, and a systematic review describes an improvement in the included randomised studies 22. With liquid coenzyme Q10, myalgia index and pain decreased compared with baseline, but not with placebo 94. Another meta-analysis and a randomised study, by contrast, found no advantage for muscle pain, creatine kinase or mitochondria function 28112. A randomised controlled study that combined coenzyme Q10 with selenium found no difference in symptom questionnaires 109. Mostly oral ubiquinone preparations were studied, partly as a liquid formulation, in adults with statin-associated muscle symptoms; the certainty of evidence is moderate, the numbers of participants in the individual controlled studies are small, and the forms and doses used are inconsistent.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
22 Ahmad et al. 2024systematic review · 800 participantsoral coenzyme Q10; vs. placeboimprovement in statin-associated myopathy: improved
28 Wei et al. 2022meta-analysis · 472 participantsoral coenzyme Q10; vs. placebocreatine kinase activity: no difference (mean difference, 3.29 U/L; 95% CI, - 29.58 to 36.17 U/L; P = 0.84); muscle pain: no difference (standardized mean difference, - 0.59; 95% CI, - 1.54 to 0.36; P = 0.22)
32 Kovacic et al. 2025meta-analysis · 389 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation, form not specified; 100 to 600 mg per day; 30 to 90 days; vs. comparable control groupmuscle pain intensity (WMD): improved (WMD -0.96 (95% Confidence Interval -1.88; -0.03), p < 0.05)
94 Derosa et al. 2019randomised controlled · 60 participantsLiquid coenzyme Q10 supplement, oral; 100 mg/day; 3 months; vs. Placebo, both with half-dose statinClinical Index Score for myalgia: unclear (lower after 3 months with CoQ10); VAS pain score: unclear (lower after 3 months of CoQ10 supplementation)
112 Dohlmann et al. 2022randomised controlled · 37 participantscoenzyme Q10 or matched placebo tablets; 400 mg CoQ10 daily; eight weeks; vs. placebomitochondrial function: no difference; intensity of myalgia: no difference; correlation of muscle CoQ10 with myalgia: no difference
135 Fedacko et al. 2013controlled · 60 participantsCoenzyme Q10 plus selenium; 3 months; vs. PlaceboMuscle pain intensity: unclear (decreased from 6.7 ± 1.72 to 3.2 ± 2.1 (p < 0.01, -53.4 ± 28.2%)); Muscle weakness: unclear (decreased from 7.0 ± 1.63 to 2.8 ± 2.34 (p < 0.01, -60 ± 24.0%)); Muscle cramps: unclear (decreased from 5.33 ± 2.06 to 1.86 ± 2.42, p < 0.01, -65 ± 28%)
151 Zeeshan et al. 2025cohort study · 106 participantsCoenzyme Q10; 50 mg twice daily; six months study period; vs. Group B received no supplementation, managed conservativelyVAS pain score: improved (p = 0.001); pain interference score: improved (p = 0.001)
206 Kumble et al. 2026reviewcoenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) supplementation; vs. no CoQ10 or placebomuscle symptoms: unclear

Coenzyme Q10 and Migraine: Human Studies

For migraine, a meta-analysis of randomised studies found that with coenzyme Q10 attacks were less frequent, shorter and less severe than with control 40. In a randomised study in women with episodic migraine, coenzyme Q10 lowered malondialdehyde more than placebo, but not antioxidant capacity 85. In the coenzyme Q10 group, HDL cholesterol and serum levels also increased, and body fat percentage decreased 85. A randomised controlled study of a combination preparation of coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine reports lower severity, duration and frequency of headache attacks, but this cannot be attributed to coenzyme Q10 alone 96. The certainty of evidence is moderate: in addition to the meta-analysis, only one small randomised study of pure coenzyme Q10 in migraine is available, and forms, dosages and treatment durations are inconsistent, so the optimal administration remains open.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
40 Talandashti et al. 2025meta-analysisCoenzyme Q10 as dietary supplement; vs. Control (placebo)attack frequency: improved (MD = -1.73); severity: improved (MD = -1.35); duration: improved (MD = -1.72)
61 Nattagh-Eshtivani et al. 2018systematic reviewCoenzyme Q10 as nutritional supplement, alone or combinedprophylactic and therapeutic effects: improved
85 Dahri et al. 2023randomised controlled · 77 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10); 400 mg/day; 12 weeks; vs. placeboclinical features: improved
156 Hannigan et al. 2024cohort study · 82 participantsOTC combination product with coenzyme Q10 75 mg plus riboflavin, magnesium, feverfew; coenzyme Q10 75 mg daily; 3 months; vs. no control group, before-after comparisonDizziness Handicap Inventory: improved (16.8 [95% CI, 12.8-20.9]); Vertigo Symptom Score short-form: improved (9.3, 7.1-11.5); visual analogue scale severity: improved (3.0, 2.2-3.8)
215 Tepper et al. 2025reviewcoenzyme Q10 (oral); vs. other nutraceuticals and placebolevel of evidence for migraine prevention: improved (Level C evidence)
224 Fajkiel-Madajczyk et al. 2025reviewcoenzyme Q10 as a supplement, form not specified; wide range of doses, exact data lacking; vs. no comparator arm in this reviewfrequency and duration of migraine attacks: improved (decrease in the frequency and duration of migraine attacks); nausea: improved (reduction in nausea); maximum pain during an attack: improved (a lower maximum pain during an attack)
237 Fila et al. 2021reviewcoenzyme Q10 as dietary supplementnutrients for migraine prevention/amelioration: unclear

Coenzyme Q10, Tolerability and Safety: Human Studies

Regarding the tolerability of coenzyme Q10, several controlled studies and reviews show predominantly no differences in adverse events compared with placebo or comparison groups 1869111120125. Before hysterectomy, no notable side effects or surgical complications occurred with coenzyme Q10 104. Coenzyme Q10 was also well tolerated in rheumatic diseases 26 and in addition to paclitaxel chemotherapy 91. However, in an open randomised study in sepsis, some intensive care patients receiving coenzyme Q10 developed low blood pressure 81. In a randomised single-dose study, blood pressure, kidney, liver and blood lipid values remained unchanged; liposomal coenzyme Q10 was absorbed better than unformulated 122. Mixtures of coenzyme Q10 and creatine 82 as well as of coenzyme Q10, turmeric, pomegranate, amla, ginger and black pepper extracts, niacinamide, folic acid and lycopene 83 showed no increased adverse events. In a mixture of berberine, policosanol, red yeast rice, folic acid, coenzyme Q10 and astaxanthin, safety values remained unchanged 84. The numbers of participants in the individual controlled studies are mostly small, and the forms, dosages and treatment durations studied vary.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
6 Shang et al. 2024meta-analysis · 2,617 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (compared with melatonin, myo-inositol, vitamins, placebo); optimal 30 mg/d per CoQ10 subgroup analysis; 3 months before controlled ovarian stimulation; vs. placebo or no treatment; other antioxidantssafety of antioxidants
18 Zhang et al. 2023meta-analysis · 1,021 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation (form not reported); vs. Randomized controlled trials with control groupAdverse events
23 Bakri et al. 2025meta-analysis · 781 participantsCoenzyme Q10, formulation not specified; not reported; optimal dose an aim of the analysis; subgroup analysis: >3 months better; vs. placebo or other therapiesadverse effects (Three studies reported no adverse effects, while one noted mild, transient side effects)
26 Freire et al. 2024systematic review · 483 participantscoenzyme Q10 supplementationtolerability
69 Mitsui et al. 2023randomised controlled · 139 participantsubiquinol (MSA-01); 1500 mg/day; 48 weeks; vs. placebo, double-blind, randomisedadverse events potentially related to investigational drug (15 [23.8%] vs 21 [30.9%])
81 Eladly et al. 2026randomised controlled · 90 participantsCoenzyme Q10 added to standard care; 210 mg/day; vs. standard care alone and montelukast 10 mg/dayhypotension (20 %)
91 Hassoub et al. 2026randomised controlled · 60 participantsoral Coenzyme Q10 added to paclitaxel; 12 weeks; vs. paclitaxel alone (control group, n = 30)tolerability (favorable tolerability)
93 Gamal et al. 2022randomised controlled · 60 participantsCoenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) plus atomoxetine; 6 months; vs. atomoxetine plus placebodrug-related side effects

Further studies in this area: 104 111 120 122 125 144 149 153 156 157 159 161 166 168 169 171 185 189 206 211 225 240

Coenzyme Q10: Further Outcomes in Studies

Several meta-analyses found less malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, with coenzyme Q10 than with placebo 919212930. Antioxidant capacity increased in two meta-analyses 919 and two randomized trials 67106, but not in two meta-analyses in sports 2129. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-α were favorably influenced in several studies 31317263752. Glycemic control improved in several studies in adults with metabolic disorders 3718363738, and blood lipids improved in several meta-analyses 341837. A meta-analysis in type 2 diabetes, by contrast, found no change in blood lipids 42. Mostly oral ubiquinone and ubiquinol preparations were studied, sometimes as soft capsules; form, dose, and duration differ from study to study and are not reported in several reviews, which is why the classification of the findings remains open.

StudyDesign · participantsPreparation · dose · duration · comparisonResult
1 An et al. 2022meta-analysis · 883,627 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement, form not specified; vs. Control (placebo/no supplementation), details not reportedAll-cause mortality events: improved (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49-0.94)
2 Borges et al. 2024meta-analysis · 11,372 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplementation; 2 to 144 months; vs. Placebo or standard careATP production: improved (SMD: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.04, p<0.001); respiratory capacity: improved (SMD: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.97, p<0.001)
3 Zhang et al. 2026meta-analysis · 3,422 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement (form not stated in abstract); vs. Placebo or control in 64 randomized trialsTriglycerides: improved (WMD = -5.67 mg/dL; 95% CI: -10.57, -0.77; p = 0.023); Total cholesterol: improved (WMD = -4.86 mg/dL; 95% CI: -8.41, -1.30; p = 0.007); HDL cholesterol: improved (WMD = 1.07 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.22, 1.92; p = 0.013)
4 Liu et al. 2022meta-analysis · 2,794 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement; dose-response analysis, greatest effect at 400-500 mg/day; vs. CoQ10 supplementation versus controlTotal cholesterol: improved (MD -5.53 mg/dL; 95% CI -8.40, -2.66); LDL cholesterol: improved (MD -3.03 mg/dL; 95% CI -5.25, -0.81); Triglycerides: improved (MD -9.06 mg/dL; 95% CI -14.04, -4.08)
7 Liang et al. 2022meta-analysis · 2,424 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement, form not stated in abstract; dose-response analysis: 100-200 mg/day optimal range; not reported in abstract; vs. placebo or control in included RCTsfasting glucose: improved (WMD: -5.22 [95% CI: -8.33, -2.11] mg/dl; P <0.001); fasting insulin: improved (-1.32 [-2.06, -0.58] μIU/ml; P < 0.001); HbA1c: improved (-0.12% [-0.23, -0.01]; P =0.04)
8 Hu et al. 2023meta-analysis · 2,362 participantsNutritional supplements, including coenzyme Q10; vs. Placebo and other nutritional supplementsTriglycerides (TG): improved (SUCRAs: 87.71%); Total cholesterol (TC): improved (SUCRAs: 98.78%); LDL cholesterol (LDL-C): improved (SUCRAs: 98.70%)
9 Dai et al. 2022meta-analysis · 2,012 participantsCoenzyme Q10 supplement (form not specified); 100–150 mg/day as optimal dose; vs. PlaceboTotal antioxidant capacity (TAC): improved (1.83, 95%CI: [1.07, 2.59], p < 0.001); Malondialdehyde (MDA): improved (−0.77, [−1.06, −0.47], p < 0.001); Superoxide dismutase (SOD): unclear (0.47, [0.00, 0.94], p = 0.05)
12 Lin et al. 2024systematic review · 1,529 participantsCoenzyme Q10 pretreatment; vs. Control without CoQ10 pretreatmenttotal days of Gn applied: improved (MD = -0.89, 95%CI [-1.37, -0.41], p = 0.0003); total dose of Gn used: improved (MD = -330.44, 95%CI [-373.93, -286.96], p < 0.00001)

Further studies in this area: 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 41 42 43 44 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 66 67 69 72 74 77 79 80 81 85 86 87 88 90 91 92 93 95 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 110 111 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 149 150 152 153 154 155 157 160 161 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 196 197 198 199 200 201 203 204 209 210 211 212 213 216 217 218 220 221 222 223 226 227 228 230 233 236 238 239 240 242 244

4. How Is Coenzyme Q10 Dosed? Preparation, Dose and Duration in Studies

The studies used predominantly oral ubiquinone preparations, partly as capsules, soft capsules or liquid preparation, as well as ubiquinol in capsule form. Individual studies tested formulations with solubilizers or emulsifiers, such as liposomal ubiquinone, and compared bioavailability. The doses and treatment durations differ by study and are not reported in several reviews.

Preparation or formDoseDurationStudy
Coenzyme Q10 plus selenium yeast or placeboCoenzyme Q10 200 mg/day; selenium 200 µg/day48 months62
Selenium plus coenzyme Q10, combined200 µg/day selenium and 200 mg/day coenzyme Q1048 months63
ubiquinol capsules, with or without d-ribose powder, or placeboubiquinol 600 mg/d and/or d-ribose 15 g/d12 weeks64
selenium plus coenzyme Q10 (mixture)—four years (48 months)65
Coenzyme Q10 alone, L-carnitine alone, or combination—3 months66
oral coenzyme Q10 versus placebo400 mg before, then 200 mg twice daily for three daysthree consecutive days67
Xuesaitong plus nutraceuticals (alpha-lipoic acid, B vitamins, coenzyme Q10)—12 weeks68
ubiquinol (MSA-01)1500 mg/day48 weeks69
coenzyme Q10 100 mg twice daily plus selenium 100 mcg100 mg bid coenzyme Q10, 100 mcg selenium2 years (arm B stopped at month 5)70
Coenzyme Q10 (form not stated in abstract)2 × 60 mg daily6 months71
oral coenzyme Q10 versus placebo120 mg daily4 days, starting 24 hours before contrast media72
Coenzyme Q10 combined with selenium (combination product)—42 months intervention, 4 years follow-up73
Ubiquinol (reduced form of CoQ10)200 mg90 days74
Dietary supplement with coenzyme Q10, tryptophan, and magnesium—two three-month periods with a one-month washout75
Armolipid Plus: red yeast rice extract, policosanol, berberine, folic acid, coenzyme Q10, astaxanthin—12 weeks76

5. Is Coenzyme Q10 Safe? Side Effects in Studies

Several controlled studies and reviews report predominantly no differences in adverse events compared with placebo or comparison groups 1869111120125. Coenzyme Q10 was also well tolerated in rheumatic diseases 26 and in addition to paclitaxel chemotherapy 91. However, in an open randomised study in sepsis, some intensive care patients receiving coenzyme Q10 developed low blood pressure 81. The numbers of participants in the individual controlled studies are mostly small.

StudyReported side effects
6 Shang et al. 2024antioxidants described as safe, no numbers
7 Liang et al. 2022not reported in abstract
14 Zeng et al. 2024combination caused no greater increase in adverse events than CoQ10 alone
16 Tsai et al. 2022One gastrointestinal event among 602 participants
17 Sue-Ling et al. 2022CoQ10 supplementation is safe
18 Zhang et al. 2023Only one RCT reported: no adverse effects or symptoms
21 Talebi et al. 2024not reported
22 Ahmad et al. 2024no notable side effects of CoQ10
23 Bakri et al. 2025three studies no adverse effects, one mild transient side effects
24 Elisabetta et al. 2025all interventions showed favorable safety profiles
26 Freire et al. 2024well tolerated, minor side effects in two studies
31 Akwan et al. 2025not reported in abstract

6. What Remains Open: Limits of the Evidence

  • Which form (ubiquinone or ubiquinol) and which dose are optimal remains open, since several studies did not report the form.
  • The treatment durations are inconsistent and not stated in many reviews, so longer-term clinical endpoints can hardly be assessed.
  • Several results are based on combination preparations with other antioxidants, vitamins or L-carnitine and cannot be attributed to coenzyme Q10 alone.
  • The participant numbers of the individual controlled studies are often small, especially in migraine and statin-associated muscle symptoms.
  • Endogenous production and supplied amount are considered separately; a measured level is not a clinical finding.

7. Bottom Line: What Is Established About Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble quinone that the body produces itself and that occurs in every cell. Human studies show improvements in heart failure, fertility, migraine and blood pressure for oral coenzyme Q10. The findings come predominantly from meta-analyses and controlled studies with a total of several thousand participants, but form, dose and duration are reported inconsistently. In fatigue, favorable findings predominate; in muscle symptoms with statins, the results are inconsistent. Next to be clarified are larger studies with precisely described form and dose; findings on combination preparations apply only to the respective mixture.

Frequently Asked Questions

How well has Coenzyme Q10 been studied in humans?

We evaluated 286 human studies on Coenzyme Q10, including 87 randomised controlled trials and 72 meta-analyses or systematic reviews; the controlled studies include 6,781 participants in total. As of 13 October 2026.

Does Coenzyme Q10 help with fertility? What the studies show

We evaluated 9 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 5 controlled studies and 19 further studies; the controlled studies include 440 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 6111218

Does Coenzyme Q10 help with fatigue? What the studies show

We evaluated 4 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 4 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 120 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: high. Sources: 16273443

Does Coenzyme Q10 help with blood Pressure? What the studies show

We evaluated 5 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 2 controlled studies and 3 further studies; the controlled studies include 231 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly no difference. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 10173741

Does Coenzyme Q10 help with heart Failure? What the studies show

We evaluated 3 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 3 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 350 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 2174664

Does Coenzyme Q10 help with muscle Symptoms Under Statins? What the studies show

We evaluated 3 meta-analyses or systematic reviews, 3 controlled studies and 2 further studies; the controlled studies include 157 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mixed. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 22283294

Does Coenzyme Q10 help with migraine? What the studies show

We evaluated one meta-analysis or systematic review, one controlled study and 5 further studies; the controlled studies include 77 participants in total. Result of the controlled studies: mostly improved. Strength of evidence under our published rules: moderate. Sources: 406185156

Which forms of coenzyme Q10 were investigated in the studies?

The studies used predominantly oral ubiquinone, partly as capsules, soft capsules or liquid preparation, as well as ubiquinol in capsule form. Individual studies tested formulations with solubilizers or emulsifiers, such as liposomal ubiquinone. The doses and treatment durations differ by study.

What do the studies show in heart failure?

In heart failure, coenzyme Q10 in a meta-analysis of randomized trials improved ejection fraction versus control 46, as it did in a meta-analysis in cardiovascular diseases 2. In a randomized study, myocardial deformation and NT-proBNP improved versus placebo, ejection fraction not confirmed 71. Functional capacity also improved in several studies 174671.

Are there studies on fertility?

In women with diminished ovarian reserve, a meta-analysis found more pregnancies, more retrieved eggs and more good embryos with coenzyme Q10 before artificial fertilization 12. A meta-analysis on antioxidants in aging ovaries found coenzyme Q10 most effective 6. In poor ovarian response, egg count, pregnancy and live birth rate increased 39. In men with impaired fertility, several meta-analyses found more sperm 11202345 and better sperm motility 112023 with coenzyme Q10 than with placebo.

How well tolerated is coenzyme Q10?

Several controlled studies and review articles report predominantly no differences in adverse events versus placebo or comparison groups 1869111120125. Coenzyme Q10 was also well tolerated in rheumatic diseases 26 and in addition to paclitaxel chemotherapy 91. In an open randomized study in sepsis, however, some intensive care patients receiving coenzyme Q10 developed low blood pressure 81.

Does coenzyme Q10 help with muscle symptoms with statins?

The results are inconsistent. A meta-analysis found less muscle pain than with control 32; with liquid coenzyme Q10, myalgia index and pain decreased versus baseline, with placebo they did not 94. Another meta-analysis and a randomized study, by contrast, found no advantage in muscle pain, creatine kinase or mitochondrial function 28112.

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Every statement on this page carries its evidence tier — proven, plausible or hypothesis — and leads to the original work. The decision in the individual case rests with the practitioner; we provide the connections.

International Health Research · https://ih-research.com/en/knowledge/coenzyme-q10/ · Last updated: 2026-10-16